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1. Does the case of Feral Children support Nature or Nurture? Give at least two examples to support your view.

2. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. Skinner or Noam Chomsky? What items from this case support this theory?

B.F. Skinner because Chomsky stated that language is innate, but in this case that's not true.

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Theories of Adolescents

G. Stanley Hall
"storm and stress"
3 aspects
-conflict wiht parents
-mood disruptions
-risky behaviors

James Marcia

Identity Diffusion: sense of having no choices; unwilling to commit

Identity Foreclosure: willing to commit to some things; conform to expectations of others

Identity Moratorium: crisis; ready for choices, but not sure

Identity Achievement: commitment to an identity; resolved crisis

Future Trends...
-adolescence lasting longer
-sexual maturity occurring earlier
-sexual activity of teens increasing

Adulthood:
-physical changes peak n 20's --slow decline
-menopause
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-incidence of dementia by age
-cognition; slowing of neural processes
-Alzheimer's; progressive and irreversible
-Crystallized Intelligence: accumulated knowledge (increases)
-Fluid Intelligence: ability to reason speedily and abstractly (decreases)

KUBLER-ROSS
5 stages of grief:

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1.26 ~ I can understand Kohlberg's moral development theory.

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1.26 ~ I can understand Kohlberg's moral development theory.

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Kohlberg:
Moral Development

Preconventional: morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Conventional: morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Postconventional: morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles

Gilligan:
Model of Moral Development of Women

-Level 1: orientation of individual survival
-Transition 1: from selfishness to responsibility

-Level 2: goodness as self-sacrifice
-Transition 2: from goodness to truth

-Level 3: the morality of non-violence

Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development

Children play...
-by self teaching by trial and error
-symbolic representation

Piaget says interaction with physical world...
-overcome egocentrism
-learning through first-hand experiences

Vygotsky says culture and education does...
-delaying immediate gratification
-practice self-regulation -learn to think about own world

Lev Vygotsky: Social Development Theory

-Social Interaction + Cognitive Development
-learning > development is enhanced with new tasks
-Scaffolding

Vygotsky's view of language:
-primary method of communication between adults and children
-powerful tool of intellectual adaptation

Language Development

Critical periods: windows of opportunity for learning a language; as early as 6 years old

Critical period occurs shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device
-born with internal mechanism

Whorf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
-language determines how we think
-recent research: language influences how we think

Imprinting (Lorenz): the processes by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Temperament: easy, difficult, or slow to warm up child

Social Developments: Parents + Child Relationships

Stranger Anxiety & Attachment:
-fears of strangers beginning around 8 months
-an emotional tie found in young children

Ainsworth: attachment styles
-secure vs insecure attachment
-anxious

Harry Harlow Experiment:
-Comfort vs Nourishment

Child-Rearing Practices:

Authoritarian: parents impose rules and expect obedience
-"because i said so"

Permissive: submits to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment

Authoritative: both demanding and responsive; set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion

Uninvolved/Detattched:

--Punishment:
-immediate obedience
-adult models aggression
-avoid adult

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1.25 ~ I can apply Erikson's theory to my reunion activity.

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1.25 ~ I can apply Erikson's theory to my reunion activity.

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Social Development:

Basic Trust: a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
-major task with with each stage of life
-responsive caregivers

Self-Concept: a sense of one's identity and personal worth

moved down from right = CRISIS
moved down from left = you will be fine

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1.24 ~ I can understand Piaget's theories on cognitive development.

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1.24 ~ I can understand Piaget's theories on cognitive development.

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Piaget: Cognitive Development

2 Biological Processes:
Assimilation: interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas (cowboy boots)

Accommodation:

Sensorimotor:
Object Permanence:

Conservation:

Egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view

Theory of Mind: ideas about your own and other mental stages

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1.23 ~ I can understand developmental research designs.

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1.23 ~ I can understand developmental research designs.

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Prediction: These could vary between  2-3 months old to 3 years old.

Stations:
1a. 90   1b. 2
2a. 75  2b. 40
3a.  8    3b. 10
4a. teens   4b. 40
5a. 15     5b.  35
6a.  11     6b. 65
7a.  50    7b. 16

Types of Research:

Cross-Sectional: research done on many subjects of different ages at the same time

Longitudinal: research done on one group of subjects over many years

advantages & disadvantages of CSR:
-inexpensive
-takes little time to complete
-avoids high attrition rate

-different age groups are not necessarily alike

of LR:
-generates detailed info about subjects
-studies developmental changes in depth

-expensive
-potential for high attrition rate

Prenatal Developement: Reflexes: -newborn
-swallowing
-sucking
-startle
-bebinski
-stepping
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