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Obstacles for Turkish learners of English language as a second or foreign one

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Obstacles for Turkish learners of English language as a second or foreign one

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This is an annotation to an article which relate to the theme "An investigation of ELT students' intercultural communicative competence in relation to linguistic proficiency, overseas experience and formal instruction". The research is in the area of linguistic and culture.

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American Indian Finds in Hudson Valley, New York

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American Indian Finds in Hudson Valley, New York

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Neolithic obsidian blades and cores from Lipari, Aeolian Island, Sicily, Italy

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Neolithic obsidian blades and cores from Lipari, Aeolian Island, Sicily, Italy

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These blades and cores are on display in the archaeological museum of Lipari and date to 5000-4000 BP.
Obsidian tools can be dated through a technique called obsidian hydration dating.
You can find an explanation of this method (and its issues) here:
https://www.thoughtco.com/obsidian-hydration-problematic-dating-technique-172000
I don't know if obsidian tools from Lipari have been subjected to this technique, but I think they have been dated just from the context and association with Neolithic pottery found together.
The image is taken from the Lipari Museum website:
http://www.regione.sicilia.it/beniculturali/museolipari/pagina.asp?Idsez=4

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The Red Lady of Paviland, Gower South Wales

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The Red Lady of Paviland, Gower South Wales

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Ochre pigment is sometimes found with early human burials and one of the most famous was of a young man who died around 29,000 years ago - the so called the "Red Lady" of Paviland. The oldest anatomically modern human remains found in the UK were discovered between 18th and 25th January 1823 by Rev. William Buckland, during an archaeological dig at Goat's Hole Cave in South Wales.

Radiocarbon dating has revealed the Red 'Lady' Of Paviland was a man of around 20 years of age. Although Goat's Hole Cave is on the coast today, it would have been around 70 miles inland 30,000 years ago.

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Black and White village of Weobley, Herefordshire, UK

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Black and White village of Weobley, Herefordshire, UK

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This is the beautiful village I am lucky enough to live in. A lot of the houses were built in the 15-17th Century. The Throne, which I have photographed has been dated to the 15th century, from the timbers used in their construction. It is well documented that King Charles 1 stayed here in the closing stages of the Civil War. These buildings are very historic but rather cold to live in; you can actually see daylight between the timber frame and lathe and plaster in some of them!

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Rock art, particularly engravings (rather than painted art), are difficult to date. We can usually date the rock varnish using AMS 14C, which forms slowly through weathering on the surface of the motif but this can only give us a relative date i.e. It is older than 20 000 but could be up to 40 000. Or using the image itself, but again only relative, such as the thylacine in the image. We know these became extinct about 3 - 4000 years ago on mainland Australia.

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These are recent and can be dated by dendrochronology, radio-carbon dating as well as from contemporary paintings and photographs

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Aboriginal people have been in Australia for at least 65,000 years - much longer than the 47,000 years believed by some archaeologists.

The discovery, by a team of archaeologists and dating specialists led by Associate Professor Chris Clarkson from The University of Queensland School of Social Science, has been detailed in the Nature journal this week.

The researchers found new evidence at the Madjedbebe site on Mirarr land within the Jabiluka mineral lease, surrounded by the World Heritage-listed Kakadu National Park.

Madjedbebe rock shelter has been excavated four times since the 1970s, most recently by an international team led by Dr Clarkson in partnership with the Mirarr Traditional Owners.

Dr Clarkson said more than 10,000 artefacts were revealed in the lowest layer at the site.

"The site contains the oldest ground-edge stone axe technology in the world, the oldest known seed-grinding tools in Australia and evidence of finely made stone points which may have served as spear tips," he said.

"Most striking of all, in a region known for its spectacular rock art, are the huge quantities of ground ochre and evidence of ochre processing found at the site, from the older layer continuing through to the present."

The dig discovered a maxillary (upper jaw) fragment of a Tasmanian Tiger coated in red pigment, giving insight to the central role ochre played in local customs at the time.

Dating carried out by Professor Zenobia Jacobs at the University of Wollongong has revealed that Aboriginal people lived at Madjedbebe at the same time as extinct species of giant animals were roaming around Australia, and the tiny species of primitive human, Homo floresiensis, was living on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia.

In addition to showing the deep antiquity of Aboriginal occupation, the dig revealed new evidence of activities and lifestyle.

Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation Chief Executive Officer Justin O'Brien said a landmark agreement had made it possible for Dr Clarkson and colleagues to dig the site.

"This study shatters previous understandings of the sophistication of the Aboriginal toolkit and underscores the universal importance of the Jabiluka area," Mr O'Brien said.

The study, funded through an Australian Research Council Discovery Project grant, promotes discussion about the timing and ways that modern humans first left Africa.

Other UQ researchers involved in the study included Dr Tiina Manne, Dr Andrew Fairbairn, Professor James Schulmeister and Kate Connell.

Numerous completed and continuing PhD and honours students Dr Kelsey Low, Dr Xavier Carah, Anna Florin, Delyth Cox, Jessica McNeil and Kasih Norman collaborated on the study.
Read about the discovery in the excavation team's own words in The Conversation. Read PhD student S Anna Florin's first-hand account of being involved on the UQ Small Change blog.

Media: Dr Chris Clarkson, c.clarkson@uq.edu.au, +61 7 3365 3235; UQ Communications, communications@uq.edu.au, +61 7 3365 3439, 0448 410 364; Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation, Sarojini Krishnapillai, sarojinikrishnapillai@gmail.com, 0418 388 600.

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Kakadu find confirms earliest Australian occupation

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Aboriginal people have been in Australia for at least 65,000 years - much longer than the 47,000 years believed by some archaeologists. The discovery, by a team of archaeologists and dating specialists led by Associate Professor Chris Clarkson from The University of Queensland School of Social Science, has been detailed in the Nature journal this week.

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Sunken Ancient Greek Trading Vessel -- Kyrenia, Cyprus

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Sunken Ancient Greek Trading Vessel -- Kyrenia, Cyprus

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The mostly well-preserved Greek merchant ship and some of its original cargo (including thousands of almonds and amphorae of wine from Rhodes) is dated back to the 4th century, nailing the date back to about 2300 years old. Because it is so young compared to other finds on here, radiocarbon dating could be used accurately on both the almonds found inside it and on the ship's planks. These methods pointed to 288 BC (plus or minus 62 years) as the year it sunk, and 389 BC (plus or minus 44 years) as the year of manufacture, meaning the ship was very old when it sunk.

I know I should have used a more reliable source, but you can look at this Wikipedia page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrenia_ship#Archaeological_evidence for more :)

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Julia Hay - West Kennet long barrow, 800m south-east of Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire. 

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Julia Hay - West Kennet long barrow, 800m south-east of Silbury Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire. 

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Human bones from around 46 individuals and artifacts including pottery, stone tools, beads and a knife were found inside the barrow. Dating of these remains shows the barrow was used for around 1,000 years before being sealed.  It is thought to of been in use from between about 3700 BC to around 2200 BC, although all the human remains are said to be within 50 years of each other. I can't find any reference to the dating techniques used but assume 14C on the bones and charcoal.
https://content.historicengland.org.uk/remote/shared.historicengland.org.uk/etl/1010628/f7da8dc6-dbc6-4a61-9ef0-02d8bf10c5e0.jpg?w=700&h=450&mode=crop&quality=60

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The dating for this was fairly easy as there were historical records of when the ship sank. There is even a beautiful picture which shows the Mary Rose sinking with Henry VIII watching on. The ships timbers have been dendrochronology inspected to see when the timber was cut which was used to build the ship. More info:
http://www.maryrose.org/discover-our-collection/story-of-the-ship/

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Anglian Helmet from Coppergate, York, discovered in May 1982.

Dated by use of dendrochronology (oak timbers from pit); tree-ring analysis;

Examination of biological remains (organic silt, clay: bulk sieve and paraffin flotation; insect remains; mollusc fragments to give date of landfill); metallurgical analysis (phosphorous and carbon content); X-ray fluoresecence; atomic absorption spectrometry.     (See: Dominic Tweddle et al, The Anglian Helmet from Coppergate, The Archaeology of York, Volume 17: Small Finds (York Archaeological Trust, 2015).
Image: Yorkshire Museum/ Wiki
nickyh

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Saxon Burial at Exxon Mobil House Ermyn Way Ashtead. Dating was done by comparing burials with similar sites

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Saxon Burial at Exxon Mobil House Ermyn Way Ashtead. Dating was done by comparing burials with similar sites

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Cairnholy chambered cairn in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland

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Cairnholy chambered cairn in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland

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Part of a jadeite axe was found on this Neolithic site. A petrological thin section was performed during the 1960s and the stone was shown to have originated in the Alps.

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Cavern Lapinha - Lagoa Santa Brazil

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The site I chose is well documented in historical records and this artefact is an easy one, as the date of 1513 is marked on the stone along with the cypher of Henry VIII & Katherine of Aragon. The stone was on the Tudor storehouse, the remains of which are a scheduled monument. The date of 1513 matching the records we have for the founding of the dockyard.
https://www.wmf.org/press-release/royal-tudor-foundation-stone-rediscovered-ucl-which-pledges-return-it-deptford

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A dinosaur highway was found at Clayton Lake State Park outside Clayton, Union county, New Mexico. Earlier studies suggested that the host rocks belonged to the Romeroville Sandstone, but more detailed studies by Lucas et al. (1986) and Hunt and Lucas (1996) showed that the host rocks belong to the Pajarito Shale and underlying Mesa Rica Sandstone, both of which are older than the Romeroville. These stratigraphic studies suggest that the footprints are about 91–100 million yrs old.     https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/tour/state/clayton_lake/home.html

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Maidencastle hill fort. Massive hill top enclosure with concentric banks of fortifications. Evidence of iron age dwellings and evidence of Roman occupation. Skelton discovered with Roman iron arrow embedded in the spine.  Site was dated using carbon 14 and dendrochronology.    

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Maidencastle hill fort. Massive hill top enclosure with concentric banks of fortifications. Evidence of iron age dwellings and evidence of Roman occupation. Skelton discovered with Roman iron arrow embedded in the spine.  Site was dated using carbon 14 and dendrochronology.    

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The cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde were built and occupied by Ancestral Puebloans between approximately 1190 and 1300 BCE. (The overall region has been occupied much longer.) The site was dated using dendrochronology to determine the age of the timber in the support structures.

Sources:
http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/Educators/mesa_verde_primary_resource_set.pdf
https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/index.htm

More information: http://www.npshistory.com/handbooks/cooperating_associations/meve/archeological-techniques.pdf

Photo credit: http://micechat.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Mesa_Verde_National_Park.jpeg

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Joanna is a rare example of an Australian Built wooden sailing vessel that was built in Victoria in 1856. It sunk in 1857 and therefore there really isn't any arguments about dating it as the ship building date and sinking are documented in records. The vessel was dedicated to the lime trade at the time. More information can be found here: http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/shipwrecks/result_detail/367?print=true

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Picrite stone axe of Langdale group VI type found at Cym Mawr near Hyssington.  An 18th/19th C picrite quarry overlays the site and a recent dig discovered no further tools.

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Picrite stone axe of Langdale group VI type found at Cym Mawr near Hyssington.  An 18th/19th C picrite quarry overlays the site and a recent dig discovered no further tools.

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The rock type is very individual to this area and the tools are of bronze age origin but there seems no evidence of any other dating method being used on them

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Serpent Mound is an internationally known National Historic Landmark built by the ancient cultures of Ohio. It is an effigy mound (a mound in the shape of an animal) representing a snake with a curled tail. Nearby are three burial mounds—two created by the Adena culture (800 B.C.–A.D. 100), and one by the Fort Ancient culture (A.D. 1000–1650). Serpent Mound has no associated burials and was likely used for ceremonial purposes.

Thousands of years ago, Native Ohioans populated the landscape with mounds and massive earthworks. In the late 19th century, Harvard University archaeologist Frederic Ward Putnam excavated Serpent Mound, but he found no artifacts in the Serpent that might allow archaeologists to assign it to a particular culture. Based largely on the nearby presence of Adena burial mounds, later archaeologists attributed the effigy to the Adena culture that flourished from 800 B.C. to A.D. 100. This theory on the site’s origin was accepted until a 1991 site excavation used radiocarbon dating to determine that the mound was approximately 900 years old. This would suggest that the builders of the Serpent belonged to the Fort Ancient culture (A.D. 1000–1500). In 2014, another team of archaeologists presented new radiocarbon dates for the Serpent suggesting that it was built by the Adena culture at around 300 B.C. More work is needed to clarify the age of Serpent Mound.

The significance of Serpent Mound and other ancient Ohio earthworks has garnered international attention. In 2008, Serpent Mound and eight other Ohio earthworks were selected by the United States Department of the Interior for inclusion on the United States’ Tentative List of sites to be submitted to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for inscription on the prestigious World Heritage List. If it is eventually inscribed on the World Heritage List later this decade, Serpent Mound will join the ranks of the Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Wall of China, Pompeii, Stonehenge and the Taj Mahal, all of which are World Heritage sites. World Heritage status has the potential to elevate local and international awareness about the site's value, further encourage communities to protect and invest in its preservation and increase potentially beneficial tourism to the site.

Serpent Mound is managed locally by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System.

(text taken from https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/serpent-mound)

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The Great Serpent Mound, a pre-historic effigy mound, along Ohio Brush Creek in Ohio

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The Great Serpent Mound, a pre-historic effigy mound, along Ohio Brush Creek in Ohio

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Oldest known site of human habitation in Australia confirming that Australian Aborigines were in Australia around 50,000 years ago, and interacted with some giant megafauna, as taught in their traditional stories. Dating by chronostratigraphy, and radio carbon dating on hearth feature and fossil emu egg shells. The site reveals the "earliest-known use of ochre in Australia and Southeast Asia (at or before 49–46 ka), gypsum pigment (40–33 ka), bone tools (40–38 ka), hafted tools (38–35 ka), and backed artefacts (30–24 ka), each up to 10 kyr older than any other known occurrence ..... [evidence that Aborigines] also developed key technologies much earlier than previously recorded for Australia and Southeast Asia”
Hamm, G. et al  “Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia.” Nature, 539, 280–283 (10 November 2016) doi:10.1038/nature20125.
Image from:  http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-11-03/rock-shelter-shows-early-aboriginal-settlement-in-arid-australia/7983864.

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JAWBONEIn 1927 a group of excavators unearthed the most exciting find ever found in Kents Cavern. A jaw fragment and three teeth were discovered and are now known to be the oldest find of a modern human in North-West Europe. JawboneAfter the Pengelly excavation, activity in the cave drastically reduced. Often small guided tours would take place, but much of the digging had ceased. However, in the 1920s renewed interest was sparked when a skull was discovered outside, in a small crack on the cliff face, in which the cave resides. The skull which was dated at 15,000 years old increased interest, with many from Torquay Natural History Society believing that the cave might still hold some hidden treasures.The jawbone has been radio-carbon dated at 41,000-44,000 years old making it the oldest human fossil found in North-West Europe and meaning that Kents Cavern was once home to humans, like us, that long ago.

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JAWBONEIn 1927 a group of excavators unearthed the most exciting find ever found in Kents Cavern. A jaw fragment and three teeth were discovered and are now known to be the oldest find of a modern human in North-West Europe. JawboneAfter the Pengelly excavation, activity in the cave drastically reduced. Often small guided tours would take place, but much of the digging had ceased. However, in the 1920s renewed interest was sparked when a skull was discovered outside, in a small crack on the cliff face, in which the cave resides. The skull which was dated at 15,000 years old increased interest, with many from Torquay Natural History Society believing that the cave might still hold some hidden treasures.The jawbone has been radio-carbon dated at 41,000-44,000 years old making it the oldest human fossil found in North-West Europe and meaning that Kents Cavern was once home to humans, like us, that long ago.

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The Hove amber cup

This was discovered during an excavation in 1856 in what is now Palmeira Square in Hove. A burial barrow was discovered containing a coffin, a stone axe head, a bronze dagger and the amber cup. It was orginally dated as early as 1500 BC, but radio carbon dating has dated  the burial itself at 1239 BC.

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Were discovered in 1959 by the zoologist A.V. Ryumin in the Kapova cave, a limestone karst cave in the Burzyansky District of Bashkortostan, Russia, ca. 200 km (120 mi) south-east of Ufa, in the southern Ural mountains.

The paintings were mainly made with ochre. The most ancient painting were found in the top storey and date back to the Upper Paleolithic Age. The more recent paintings of the Ice Age are located in the lower storey.

Uranium-thorium dating showed that the cave paintings are  36,400 years old.

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The SB2F site was dated via radiocarbon tests done by the Beta Analytic Inc laboratory in Florida (report from 2012)

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The Roman Arcade runs 120-metres long, excavated and radiocarbon dated by the Colchester Archaeological Trust, provided frontage to the Temple of Claudius, dating back to around 50AD.

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The Nebra sky disk is a bronze disk of ca. 30 centimetres diameter which weighs about 2 kilograms. It is inlaid with gold symbols depicting a sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, and stars.

The disk was found near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

The Nebra sky disk was dated with the help of a number of Bronze Age weapons found alongside the disk. A birchbark particle was found on one of the swords and could be radio-carbondated to between 1600 and 1560 BC. The disk itself could not be radio-carbondated, as there was no C14 in it. The gold plating was x-rayed at a particle accelerator but it was found out that it doesn't show a uniform composition.

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Pietra Scritta.
Our menhir hasn't been dated. No one has analysed it. Only the scholar who saw the photo on our town's website and claimed it was a mixture of Latin and Hebrew. I guess it to be 1st Century or later.

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Found at a Roman fort, just behind Hadrian's wall.  Being gold it had not corroded and was cleaned immediately. Found in the late 4th Century context it was straightforward to date by the emperor’s head.
Emperor Nero, dates from AD 64-65

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Abandoned Roman town in Hampshire, England. What it would have looked like in 3rd century ad. Dating techniques for various finds have included radiocarbon techniques from its remaining preserved wooden structures - eg town well

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The Hasholme Logboat was found in East Yorkshire, close to Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, and is the largest surviving prehistoric log boat in Britain. It is now on show in the Hull and East Riding Museum

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The Hasholme Logboat was found in East Yorkshire, close to Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, and is the largest surviving prehistoric log boat in Britain. It is now on show in the Hull and East Riding Museum

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Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon dating have established the Hasholme Logboat to be Iron Age (750-390 BC) and more likely around 450 BC.

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The area in which I live seemed to be an archaeological interest-free zone but fortunately field evaluations were made before a new housing development was built.

Evaluations revealed both prehistoric and Roman occupation, which meant that, under the terms of the planning consent for the housing development, excavations were required on five parts of the site.

Discoveries included a prehistoric 42m diameter pit. Radiocarbon dating was used to date three samples of wood charcoal. Calibrated age for each sample was BC1323–1187, BC1387–1194 and BC 1494–1395 with respective probabilities of 72.5%, 94.4.%  and 95.4%.

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15,500 year old mammoth bones and hunting tools found 'close together' in Kansas

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15,500 year old mammoth bones and hunting tools found 'close together' in Kansas

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obviously, from the title the artifact is 15,500 years old. At least the mammoth bones are. The pre-clovis style tools, however; have not been able to be dated thus far. The only dating technique listed in the article is radio-carbon dating.

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Nawarla Gabarnmang Rock Shelter. In June 2006, during a routine aerial survey in a very remote place on the Arnhem Land plateau, Ray Whear along with helicopter pilot Chris Morgan sighted an unusually large rock shelter. When they landed the helicopter they walked into an open, double-ended shelter, and found a stunning gallery with hundreds of rock paintings and charcoal drawings.  This place is called Nawarla Gabarnmang and the Jawoyn clan Buyhmi are the traditional owners of the site and have a continuous link to the original artists. Radio carbon dating gave dates of over 45,000 BP for charcoal drawing, 35,000 from charcoal deposits on the ground stone axe found from an excavation pit, making it the world’s oldest stone axe, and from the oldest layers under the floor of the shelter, charcoal was dated to 48,000 years.

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Nawarla Gabarnmang Rock Shelter. In June 2006, during a routine aerial survey in a very remote place on the Arnhem Land plateau, Ray Whear along with helicopter pilot Chris Morgan sighted an unusually large rock shelter. When they landed the helicopter they walked into an open, double-ended shelter, and found a stunning gallery with hundreds of rock paintings and charcoal drawings.  This place is called Nawarla Gabarnmang and the Jawoyn clan Buyhmi are the traditional owners of the site and have a continuous link to the original artists. Radio carbon dating gave dates of over 45,000 BP for charcoal drawing, 35,000 from charcoal deposits on the ground stone axe found from an excavation pit, making it the world’s oldest stone axe, and from the oldest layers under the floor of the shelter, charcoal was dated to 48,000 years.

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Radio carbon dating indicates that the neolithic mound and passage tomb dates to around 3,200 BC. Samples for dating were taken from the burnt soil used to pack and seal interstices at the ends of roof slabs. Samples of peat from transported turves covering a possible earlier passage tomb were also analysed, along with humid acid from sod layers and charcoal from animal cremation and pottery deposits.

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Human Remains found under Queen Street in Ottawa.

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Human Remains found under Queen Street in Ottawa.

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An archeological investigation found evidence of about 16 people buried there and that Bytown’s [Ottawa's old name] oldest graveyard, Barrack Hill Cemetery, was once in the area of what’s now Elgin, Metcalfe, Queen and Sparks Streets.  Records indicate that burials took place between 1828 and 1844.  This link shows a map of Old Bytown with Barrack Hill cemetary marked.

http://web.ncf.ca/es568/mapbytown1842.jpg

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More human remains are expected to be found as Queen Street water main work progresses but there's now a plan in place for moving the bones that had been there for more than a century.

Last fall, construction work was stopped when workers discovered skeletons, and police forensic experts confirmed they were dealing with human remains. An archeological investigation found evidence of about 16 people buried there and that Bytown's oldest graveyard, Barrack Hill Cemetery, was once in the area of what's now Elgin, Metcalfe, Queen and Sparks Streets.

Councillors received an archaeological investigation update, including that "the discovery of additional burials is expected," Thursday evening in a memo from deputy city manager Nancy Schepers.

Representatives from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, Anglican Diocese of Ottawa and St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church are representing the deceased, Schepers said. "The representatives have expressed an overall interest in balancing their religious beliefs for a peaceful resting place, with the historical significance and opportunities for research and education," she wrote.

A plan has been agreed upon that involves the Canadian Museum of History, which will be covering research and storage costs, conducting biological and metric studies to try to determine causes of death, genders and ages. DNA testing will also be completed to find out more details, including possible confirmation of ancestors, Schepers said.

Those buried at Barrack Hill Cemetery were some of the area's first European settlers and were mostly Roman Catholic, Anglican and Prebysterian, according to the city. Records indicate that burials took place between 1828 and 1844.

The remains that have already been discovered will be removed in July by archaeologists, before about two months of water main replacement work on Queen Street between Metcalfe and Elgin streets, Schepers said. More archaeological work will be done to fully assess the situation before streetscaping construction schedule for 2015.

The Beechwood Cemetery has agreed to offer a location for burials adjacent to the National Military Cemetery, according to Schepers. Individual burials will have small markers and the section will have a commemorative plaque.

A public re-interment ceremony is expected to be held as part of the 2017 sesquicentennial celebrations.

There will be advice on the best way to commemorate Bytown's earliest cemetery from a working committee involving the religious representatives, staff and community stakeholders, Schepers wrote.
cmills@ottawacitizen.com twitter.com/CarysMills

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More human remains expected in Queen St. dig

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More human remains are expected to be found as Queen Street water main work progresses but there's now a plan in place for moving the bones that had been there for more than a century. Last fall, construction work was stopped when workers discovered skeletons, and police forensic experts confirmed they were dealing with human remains.

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At Canowindra in central western NSW in 1955 approximately  70 tonnes of rock was removed containing the fossils of fresh water fish dating to the Devonian period approximately 360-370 mya. Among the discoveries was the family Canowindridae and the species Canowindra grossi which were named after the town. Exact dating of the site is very difficult because of the age of the deposits but aging of these deposits would be done by radiometric dating of volcanic layers or by comparisons to similar rocks and fossils of know ages

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At Mossano, 50 km from Venice, Italy, there is one of the most ancient fireplace of Europe, dating 250.000-200.000 years from present. I can't find dating method.

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Strada romana presso la Banca Antonveneta - Padova

Via Verdi 13/15 (Banca Antonveneta, piano interrato) - 35100 Padova (PD)
Tel. 049 6991603 - Fax 049 6991800

Al piano interrato della Banca Antonveneta è accessibile un'area archeologica dove è possibile vedere un tratto di strada romana di I sec. a.C. (in pianta: A) con tratti di costruzioni adiacenti coeve, un tratto di pavimentazione del III-IV sec. d.C. (in pianta: B) e due strutture di età medievale (in pianta: C e D).

Storia della ricerca e degli studi

Scavi condotti a partire dal 1987, in occasione della ristrutturazione di palazzo Montivecchi. L'intervento, inclusa l'opera di restauro e consolidamento delle strutture, è stato concluso nel 1993.

Contesto geografico e urbanistico

Padova si trova all'estremità orientale della Pianura Padana, in un territorio completamente pianeggiante solcato da vari corsi d'acqua che hanno dato nei secoli forma e protezione all'abitato. L'area archeologica oggetto di questa visita si trova nel centro cittadino, che in antico si sviluppava lungo l'asse viario costituito dalle attuali via Roma, via VIII Febbraio, piazza Garibaldi, via San Fermo.

I sec. a.C. - IV sec. d.C. ed epoca medievale

Il principale e più antico elemento conservato in questa sede è la strada A (I sec. a.C.), pavimentata con basoli in trachite dei Colli Euganei e con carreggiata a schiena d'asino. La strada è larga 2,80 metri e presenta vistosi solchi provocati dal ripetuto passaggio delle ruote dei carri; i marciapiedi, non conservati in situ, sono stati rinvenuti nelle immediate vicinanze. Coevo ad essa è l'edificio orientato secondo la direttrice stradale. Il rinvenimento, al suo interno, di una mezza anfora interrata (tuttora in situ) con ulteriori contenitori fittili consente di ipotizzare che l'edificio avesse funzione di magazzino o dispensa.
La struttura tardoromana B (III-IV sec. d.C.), caratterizzata da una pavimentazione in mattoni frammentati infissi direttamente nel terreno, presenta diverso orientamento rispetto alla strada e testimonia la completa obliterazione dell'impianto topografico precedente.
La struttura C è riferita ad epoca altomedievale: è seminterrata, presenta orientamento nord-sud ed è identificata da pareti in mattoncini fittili di dimensioni piuttosto regolari ottenuti dalla frammentazione di mattoni romani. La struttura D, infine, costituisce la fondazione di un edificio di età bassomedievale in elementi lapidei semilavorati legati parte in malta e parte a secco: essa è stata interpretata come una "casa torre".

Tipo di Accesso: Solo su prenotazione

Visitabilità: Interno

Biglietto: No

Accesso per le Scuole
Previa autorizzazione della Banca

Orario

Quando

Specifiche

Unico

Lunedì

Tra le 9 e le 13, previa autorizzazione della Banca, Ufficio Sicurezza

Unico

Martedì

Tra le 9 e le 13, previa autorizzazione della Banca, Ufficio Sicurezza

Unico

Mercoledì

Tra le 9 e le 13, previa autorizzazione della Banca, Ufficio Sicurezza

Unico

Giovedì

Tra le 9 e le 13, previa autorizzazione della Banca, Ufficio Sicurezza

Unico

Venerdì

Tra le 9 e le 13, previa autorizzazione della Banca, Ufficio Sicurezza

Tempo suggerito per la visita (in minuti): 40

Servizi igienici
Bagni della Banca Antonveneta

Pannellistica
Quattro pannelli informativi in Italiano

Supporti informativi multilingue: Italiano

Baggio Bernardoni E., Le strutture di età romana e medievale scoperte nel sottosuolo del palazzo dei Montivecchi, in Il palazzo dei Montivecchi della Banca Popolare Veneta, a cura di Olivato L., Padova 1993, pp. 25 - 35.

Bonetto J., Veneto (Archeologia delle Regioni d'Italia), Roma 2009, pp. 475.

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Strada romana presso la Banca Antonveneta - Padova Via Verdi 13/15 (Banca Antonveneta, piano interrato) - 35100 Padova (PD) Tel. 049 6991603 - Fax 049 6991800 Al piano interrato della Banca Antonveneta è accessibile un'area archeologica dove è possibile vedere un tratto di strada romana di I sec. a.C.

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Brynlow Shovel

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Brynlow Shovel: In the 1950 a school boy (Alan Garner) came across a wooden spade which had been excavated from Adlerley Edge mines in the late 19th century. Little interest was found in the shovel until the boy's rediscovery and so he tried to find out what it was. Years past and in the 1990's when carbon dating gave us much more details, he sent it for Carbon dating at Manchester Museum and it was found to be Bronze Age. Manchester museum's register states: ‘1991.85. Wooden spade probably oak, from excavations at Alderley Edge 1875: presented by Alan Garner … thought by Boyd Dawkins to be Bronze Age; dating confirmed May 1993 by radio-carbon dating to 1888-1677 cal. BC’.

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Brynlow Shovel: In the 1950 a school boy (Alan Garner) came across a wooden spade which had been excavated from Adlerley Edge mines in the late 19th century. Little interest was found in the shovel until the boy's rediscovery and so he tried to find out what it was. Years past and in the 1990's when carbon dating gave us much more details, he sent it for Carbon dating at Manchester Museum and it was found to be Bronze Age. Manchester museum's register states: ‘1991.85. Wooden spade probably oak, from excavations at Alderley Edge 1875: presented by Alan Garner … thought by Boyd Dawkins to be Bronze Age; dating confirmed May 1993 by radio-carbon dating to 1888-1677 cal. BC’.

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This mammoth was discovered in 2007 by a Nenet herder in Siberia. Lyuba is the most well preserved mammoth to have ever been found. CT scans revealed that her bones and soft tissues were intact and that she died from asphyxiation. It is theorised that she fell into a muddy pool and her nose and trunk became blocked with silt which is still in place today. It is thought that her excellent state of preservation is due to the presence of lactobacilli bacteria which essentially pickled her. Carbon 14 dating has given her age at approximately 40,000 years.

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A roman soldier ceremonial helmet dated at around 335 - 337 AD found near the cumbrian village of Crosby Garrett.
The find was discovered by  metal detectors in September 2010 and was removed from 'in situ' so a lot of archaeological evidence was lost.
The object was examined by Sally Ward a Finds Advisor from the Portable Antiquities Scheme. She used a portable x ray fluoresance spectrometer to analyse the metal. The helmet was found to have very unusal composition with a griffin on its crest, the face would have had a silver colour and the head almost yellow. However because  of the low percentage of precious metal the detectors were able to sell the helmet. The helmet was sold to the highest bidder which was a private sale , the buyer being unknown. The local museum in Carlisle (Tullie House) had raised over 1.5 million locally to secure the helmet but to no avail. The helmet has been on display in the museum twice and could be for a third time in April 2017.

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Found during at least the period 1903–1970 near the church site of Guddal, Fjaler, Norway."The Guddal case is unique in Scandinavia with respect to the number of bog bodies at one site, as well as the historic context – a medieval, Christian society. New dendrochronological analyses reveal that the material is dateable to the 11th – 13th centuries, which is the earliest period of Christianity in Norway."
(source: https://www.idunn.no/ht/2013/02/kvart_menneske_som_doeyr_skal_me_foera_til_kyrkja_og_grava_i?languageId=2 . 14th March 2017)

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"Ballancar" is a grazing property in southern Queensland, Australia. It has many old Aboriginal camp sites with stone tools and flakes, the remains of earth ovens, and scarred trees. The sites would be classified as Neolithic surface scatters. The attached image is a small grindstone (about 20cm across) and muller. Some worked glass is present at this location. This means that the site was in use some time after Europeans entered the area (after 1830) but probably ceased before 1870.

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Description These are the largest and oldest Neolithic gallery mines in Europe (3.350 BCE) and the only one dedicated to the extraction of variscita a green mineral used to make body ornaments.

The mines were dated from the pottery remains found in the sediments used to refill the sectors of the mine already  depleted.
(named cadiral pottery). Organic materials were Radiocarbon dated.

Therefore the dating of mines refers to the years after their exploitation, once the mines were refilled and abandoned.

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Found in 2013 in South Africa. The age of Homo naledi is not yet known. Unsuccessful attempts had been made by Paul Dirks and members of his team to obtain an age. They used techniques applied to date a range of fossils but so far unsuccessfully. As of April 2016, they are attempting five different dating techniques at seven different labs. They can't use Radiocarbon dating due to they think the fossils are way older than 50,000 years.

Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2015-11-homo-naledi-million-years.html#jCp

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Skull of Homo Sapien found at Gough Cave, Cheddar, Somerset UK. Shows signs of cannabilism. Dated 14,700 years old by ultra filtration carbon dating. DNA also found and matched to present day human living in the area. Also Alicona 3D microscope show marks on skull using tools similar to those found for defleshing animals.