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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuivYRmIACM

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zq349j6/test

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/quiz/q63488951

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kfb-e6Y7as

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What is Photosynthesis?

The word photosynthesis can be separated to make two smaller words:

"photo" which means light

"synthesis" which means putting together

Plants need food but they do not have to wait on people or animals to provide for them. Most plants are able to make their own food whenever they need it. This is done using light and the process is called photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. We will add more details to this definition after making a few things clear as you will see below.

What is needed for Photosynthesis?

To make food, plants need not just one but all of the following:

Let's take a look at how these are collected by plants.

Carbon dioxide from the air passes through small pores (holes) in the leaves. These pores are called stomata.

Water is absorbed by the roots and passes through vessels in the stem on its way to the leaves.

Sunlight is absorbed by a green chemical in the leaves.

What happens during Photosynthesis?

The photosynthesis process takes place in the leaves of plants. The leaves are made up of very small cells. Inside these cells are tiny structures called chloroplasts. Each chloroplast contains a green chemical called chlorophyll which gives leaves their green color.

Chlorophyll absorbs the sun's energy.

It is this energy that is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

Oxygen is released from the leaves into the atmosphere.

Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to form glucose or food for plants.

Some of the glucose is used to provide energy for the growth and development of plants while the rest is stored in leaves, roots or fruits for later use by plants.

Here is the process in greater detail:

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages commonly known as Light dependent Reactions and the Calvin Cycle.
Light dependent Reactions
Light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and take place only when light is available. During these reactions light energy is converted to chemical energy.

Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb energy from sunlight. This energy is transferred to the photosystems responsible for photosynthesis.

Water is used to provide electrons and hydrogen ions but also produces oxygen. Do you remember what happens to the oxygen?

The electrons and hydrogen ions are used to create ATP and NADPH. ATP is an energy storage molecule. NADPH is an electron carrier/donor molecule. Both ATP and NADPH will be used in the next stage of photosynthesis.

Details about the flow of electrons through Photosystem II, b6-f complex, Photosystem I and NADP reductase have not been included here but can be found under The Process of Photosynthesis in Plants.
The Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Although these reactions can take place without light, the process requires ATP and NADPH which were created using light in the first stage. Carbon dioxide and energy from ATP along with NADPH are used to form glucose.

More details about the formation of sugars can be found under the Process of Photosynthesis in Plants.

What have you learned so far?

You already know that plants need carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to make their food. You also know that the food they make is called glucose. In addition to glucose, plants also produce oxygen. This information can be written in a word equation as shown below.

The equation below is the same as the one above but it shows the chemical formula for carbon dioxide, water, glucose and oxygen.

Now back to the definition... Earlier you learned that photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. Now that we know what plants need to make food, we can add that information as shown below.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.
What does Photosynthesis produce?

Photosynthesis is important because it provides two main things:

Some of the glucose that plants produce during photosynthesis is stored in fruits and roots. This is why we are able to eat carrots, potatoes, apples, water melons and all the others. These foods provide energy for humans and animals.

Oxygen that is produced during photosynthesis is released into the atmosphere. This oxygen is what we breathe and we cannot live without it.

While it is important that photosynthesis provides food and oxygen, its impact on our daily lives is far more extensive. Photosynthesis is so essential to life on earth that most living organisms, including humans, cannot survive without it.

All of our energy for growth, development and physical activity comes from eating food from plants and animals. Animals obtain energy from eating plants. Plants obtain energy from glucose made during photosynthesis.

Our major sources of energy such as natural gas, coal and oil were made millions of years ago from the remains of dead plants and animals which we already know got their energy from photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is also responsible for balancing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.

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The word photosynthesis can be separated to make two smaller words: "photo" which means light "synthesis" which means putting together Plants need food but they do not have to wait on people or animals to provide for them. Most plants are able to make their own food whenever they need it.

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Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis in plants | Photosynthesis - Biology basics for children | elearnin

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSrRYr5YXvQ
(Skip to 2:27)

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Some farmers try to avoid harming the environment by using very few chemicals. This is known as organic farming. Organic foods are often expensive to produce and so cost more in the shops.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSrRYr5YXvQ

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TAYLOR SWIFT- TROUBLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS SONG

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TAYLOR SWIFT- TROUBLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS SONG

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ww33L0lD37I

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/quiz/q96383956

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The function of a leaf is photosynthesis.

For a plant to absorb light and Carbon Dioxide to produce carbohydrates, the equation for photosynthesis is Carbon Dioxide + water = Glucose + oxygen.

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Plants can only absorb soluble minerals (those that can dissolve in water). They absorb minerals dissolved in solution from the soil through their root hair cells. However, the concentration of minerals in the soil is very low.

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Plants can only absorb soluble minerals (those that can dissolve in water). They absorb minerals dissolved in solution from the soil through their root hair cells. However, the concentration of minerals in the soil is very low.

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Animals need to eat food to get their energy. But green plants and algae do not. Instead they make their own food in a process called photosynthesis. Almost all life on Earth depends upon this process. Photosynthesis is also important in maintaining the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/organism_energy/photosynthesisrev2.shtml

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The starch content in a plant is very important, and needs to be checked every month.
An example of this is when you own a farm of crops.
The starch can be tested by:
1) Put the leaf, being tested, in a test tube filled with ethanol
2) put the tube in a beaker filled with hot water.
3) after 10 mins take the leaf out of the tube and run it under cold water
4) put the leaf on a palate and add a few drops of iodine solution
5) wait for 5 mins and then check the results
If it's a light color its doesn't have any starch, if it's a dark color like brown, it has a sustainable amount of starch in its leaf.
So the darker it is, the better.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSHmwIZ9FNw

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During oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy transfers electrons from water (H2O) to carbon dioxide (CO2), which produces carbohydrates. In this transfer, the CO2 is "reduced," or receives electrons, and the water becomes "oxidized," or loses electrons. Ultimately, oxygen is produced along with carbohydrates.

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This is a diagram of the experiment with different light intensitys

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This is a diagram of the experiment with different light intensitys

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Plants use minerals from the soil to build the complex molecules they need to survive and grow. Poor plant growth may be due to a deficiency in one or more minerals.

Mineral requirements

Fertilisers contain minerals such as:

Nitrates

Phosphates

Potassium compounds

Magnesium compounds

These minerals are needed for healthy plant growth.

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Go to this website to learn more about the effects of different factors on plants and  photosynthesis

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Go to this website to learn more about the effects of different factors on plants and  photosynthesis

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zpwmxnb/revision/2

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A leaf usually has a large surface area, so that it can absorb a lot of light. Its top surface is protected from water loss, disease and weather damage by a waxy layer.

The upper part of the leaf is where the light falls, and it contains a type of cell called a palisade cell . This is adapted to absorb a lot of light. It has lots of chloroplasts and is shaped like a tall box.

Carbon dioxide

Plants get the carbon dioxide they need from the air through their leaves. It moves by through small holes in the underside of the leaf called . Guard cells control the size of the stomata so that the leaf does not lose too much water in hot, windy or dry conditions.

The lower part of the leaf is a spongy layer with loose-fitting cells. These let carbon dioxide reach the other cells in the leaf, and also let the oxygen produced in photosynthesis leave the leaf easily.

The water needed for photosynthesis is absorbed through the roots and transported through tubes to the leaf.

The roots have a type of cell called a root hair cell. These project out from the root into the soil, and have a big surface area and thin walls. This lets water pass into them easily.

Note that root cells do not contain chloroplasts, as they are normally in the dark and cannot carry out photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis - Revision 2 - KS3 Biology - BBC Bitesize

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A leaf usually has a large surface area, so that it can absorb a lot of light. Its top surface is protected from water loss, disease and weather damage by a waxy layer. The upper part of the leaf is where the light falls, and it contains a type of cell called a palisade cell .

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Nitrates | Nitrogen, N | For proteins, which are needed for cell growth |

Nitrogen is needed to make amino acids for proteins

Phosphates | Phosphorus, P | For respiration and growth | Phosphorus is needed to make DNA and cell membranes

Potassium compounds | Potassium, K | For respiration and photosynthesis | Potassium is needed in enzymes involved in respiration and photosynthesis

Magnesium compounds | Magnesium, Mg | For photosynthesis | Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/plants/plants2.shtml

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/organism_energy/photosynthesisrev1.shtml

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CO2+H2O —> C6H12O6+O2

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An organ system is made from a group of different organs, which all work together to do a particular job. Here are some examples of organ systems:
circulatory system
respiratory system
digestive system
nervous system
reproductive system

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When chlorophyll a absorbs light energy, an electron gains energy and is 'excited'. The excited electron is transferred to another molecule (called a primary electron acceptor). The chlorophyll molecule is oxidised (loss of electron) and has a positive charge. Photoactivation of chlorophyll leads to the splitting of water molecules and the transfer of energy to ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

The chemical reactions involved include:

condensation reactions - responsible for water molecules splitting out, including phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound)

oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions involving electron transfer

Photosynthesis is a two stage process.

The Light dependent reactions, a light-dependent series of reactions which occur in the grana, and require the direct energy of light to make energy-carrier molecules that are used in the second process:

light energy is trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP (photophosphorylation)

at the same time water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions and free electrons:

the electrons then react with a carrier molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate changing it from its oxidised state  to its reduced state.

The light-independent reactions, a light-independent series of reactions which occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts, when the products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (reduction); initially glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (a 3-carbon atom molecule) is formed.

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Underground storage organ
True roots: Tuberous root or root tuber — e.g. Dahlia. Storage taproot — e.g. carrot.
Modified stems: Corm — e.g. Crocus. Stem tuber — e.g. Zantedeschia (arum lily), potato. ...
Others: Storage hypo

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Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use energy from the sun to transform water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds. It is one example of how people and plants are dependent on each other in sustaining life. Photosynthesis happens when water is absorbed by the roots of green plants and is carried to the leaves by the xylem, and carbon dioxide is obtained from air that enters the leaves through the stomata and diffuses to the cells containing chlorophyll. The green pigment chlorophyll is uniquely capable of converting the active energy of light into a latent form that can be stored (in food) and used when needed.

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In a process like photosynthesis which is affected by more than one factor, its rate is limited by the factor which is closest to its minimum value. So at any point in time if one of the three factors is in low supply, this factor will be the limiting factor. Only a change to the limiting factor will increase or decrease the rate of photosynthesis. Changing the other two will have no effect.

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carbon dioxide+water→glucose+oxygen

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Carbon dioxide+water-oxyfen+glucose

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z9hyvcw/revision/

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Photosynthesis | #aumsum #kids #science #education #children

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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This glucose can be converted into pyruvate which releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular respiration. Oxygen is also formed.Photosynthesis may be summarised by the word equation:
carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
The conversion of usable sunlight energy into chemical energy is associated with the action of the green pigment chlorophyll.Chlorophyll is a complex molecule. Several modifications of chlorophyll occur among plants and other photosynthetic organisms. All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a. Accessory pigments absorb energy that chlorophyll a does not absorb. Accessory pigments include chlorophyll b (also c, d, and e in algae and protistans), xanthophylls, and carotenoids (such as beta-carotene). Chlorophyll a absorbs its energy from the violet-blue and reddish orange-red wavelengths, and little from the intermediate (green-yellow-orange) wavelengths.

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Plant cells as seen through a light microscope

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There are two main minerals needed in a plant, nitrate and magnesium. Nitrate is used for making amino acids, which are needed to make proteins. Magnesium is used for making chlorophyll.
If there is deficient in nitrate, you will see the plant suffering from stunted growth, and if there is deficient in magnesium you will see the leaves turn yellow.
Plants need minerals to build complex molecules they need to survive and grow.
The term given to a general fertilizer is NPK fertilizer because it contains the elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Phosphate - Used for building protiens and growth - Deficiency symptom is poor root growth and discoloured leavs.

Potassium - Used for respiration and photosynthesis - Deficiency symptom is poor flower growth, discoloured leaves.

There are many limiting factors affecting photosynthesis. Light intensity is one of them. When the light intensity is too low to allow the light-dependent reaction to proceed. Very high light intensity may slow the rate of photosynthesis due to bleaching of chlorophyll. Plants exposed in such conditions have protective features to include thick, waxy cuticles and hairy leaves.

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z9hyvcw/revision/2