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A company's taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product

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A railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869

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An economic and social philosophy - supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection - holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest

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A law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade

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An 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states' regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest

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A law enacted in 1887, that established the federal government's right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so

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A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905

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The merging of companies that make similar products

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A construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves

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A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850

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An alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886