# data[].attributes.headline
10.26 ~ I can prepare for the FRQ and the MC test.

# data[].attributes.subject
10.26 ~ I can prepare for the FRQ and the MC test.

# data[].attributes.body
eye and eye theories
ear and ear theories
monocular cues and binocular cues

Video Questions:
What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?
After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

If she gets the cochlear implant then her parents will feel disconnected from her when she enters the hearing world, but it would be easier for her to navigate through the hearing world.
The benefits are that she can now do things she would usually not be able to do. The struggle to learn to speak is quite hard for her and her family.

# data[].attributes.body
Gustation (taste):

Skin Senses: pressure, temperature, & pain
-brain most sensitive to unexpected stimulation
-sensory cortex controls

Kinesthesis: sense of body parts and positions
-vestibular sense = dizzy
-monitors head position and movement
-semicircular canals = balance

Pain: individual differences; no one specific receptor or stimulus
-athletes > mindsets are so strong
-women are more pain tolerant
Gate Control Theory: "gate" in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain
-endorphins associated with pain

examples to control pain:
-yoga
-massages
-meds
-acupuncture

Phantom Limb: misinterpretation of pain
ex: leg amputation

Touch:
-skin can sense warmth, cold, pain, & pressure

# data[].attributes.headline
10.18 ~ I can identify parts of the ear.

# data[].attributes.subject
10.18 ~ I can identify parts of the ear.

# data[].attributes.body
Pinna: outer ear;
Ear Canal: sound travels through;
Eardrum: when sounds hit it, it vibrates
Hammer, Anvil, & Stirrup (aka Ossicles): (3 smallest bones in body) behind the eardrum and vibrate; stirrup hitting oval window and sound that you hear is turned from air into liquid and goes into cochlea
Cochlea: along with the vestibular organ, are the inner ear; on base of cochlea is the basalir membrane which has tiny hair cells which vibrate in the liquid form
Auditory Nerve: goes all the way to the temporal lobe to send the sounds to be processed
Vestibular Organ: the sacs are what help us stay balanced
Eustachian Tube: connects ears to throat

1. Place Theory:
-discovered by Georg von Bekesy-nobel prize-1961
-ability to hear different pitches of sound is due to location of neuron activity on basalir membrane in cochlea (caused by frequency pitch of sound wave) (explains high pitches)

2. Frequency Theory:
-vibration triggers neural impulses

# data[].attributes.body
color constancy: perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination

Perception:
1. Figure-Ground
-organize info into a figure seen against a ground
Depth Perception:
-2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D; estimate distance
-by 6 months we can use depth perception (visual cliff)

Grouping:
2. Proximity
-group nearby figures together
3. Similarity
-group similar figures together

Grouping Principles:
4. Continuity
-see smooth, continuous patterns
5. Connectedness
-when linked, we see spots, lines, or areas as a single unit

Visual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images

Perceptual Constancy:
1. Color
2. Shape > despite angle, no change
3. Size > despite distance, no change
4. Location
5. Brightness

Monocular & Binocular Cues:
Interposition: one objects blocks view of another
Relative Size: assumption that two objects are similar size, one closer has larger retinal images
Relative Clarity (aka Aerial Perspective): perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects
Texture Gradient: coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture
Relative Height: objects higher in field of vision appear farther away (vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions)
Relative Motion (Relative Parallex): movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object appears to move faster
Linear Perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in distance (people overestimate train's distance)
Light & Shadow (aka Shadowing): nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear farther away)

Binocular cues: cues that require BOTH eyes
Retinal Disparity: difference between sight/views of 2 eyes
Convergence: cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards objects
Stereoscopic Vision: combine 2 retinal
-images to get 3D
Motion Perception:
Assumption: closer objects get larger
Stroboscopic Movement: motion pictures (ie: cartoon flipbook)
Phi Phenomenon: illusion of light (on and off)
Autokinetic Illiusion:

Sound Localizations
Monaural Cue: louder sound mean closer sound
Binaural Cues (aka Stereophonic): multi directional

# data[].attributes.headline
10.13 ~ I can understand the PARTS and PATH of vision.

# data[].attributes.subject
10.13 ~ I can understand the PARTS and PATH of vision.

# data[].attributes.body
cornea: place where light enters eye
pupil: contracts in bright and relaxes in dim ; adjustable opening and light continues to travel
iris: colored part of eye protection from damage
lens: transparent part of eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing curvature
accommodation: lens shape changes according to distance (round=close, flat=far) (accommodated = round)
retina: inner lining of back of eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light
(rods= peripheral vision and b&w)
(cones= color)
blind spot: point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here
fovea: line of central focus, holds only cones
optic nerve: carries visual info to the occipital lobe but first to the thalamus
optic chiasm: spot where nerves cross each other (left to right, right to left)
lateral geniculate nucleus: area in thalamus that interprets images to
occipital lobe

aqueous humor: allows lens to keep its shape

-3 layers of retina
rods and cones > 20:1 rods outnumber
bipolar cells
-specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/1 dendrite)
ganglion cells
- axons of these cells made of optic nerve and sends info to thalamus
2 types of gc's: magnocellular cells (detect motion)
and parvocellular cells (detect color)
visual acuity: ability to distinguish fine details (aka: sharpness)

intensity=brightness
length of wave=hue=color
transduction: light passes through layers of the retina

# data[].attributes.headline
10.12 ~ I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds.

# data[].attributes.subject
10.12 ~ I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds.

# data[].attributes.body
JND: constant fraction/proportion of original stimulus
^ intensity, ^ amount of change necessary
-bright color needs to have even brighter difference for it to

APPROXIMATE THRESHOLDS:
taste > 1 gram of salt in 500 liters of H2O
smell > 1 drop of perfume diffused

False Negatives are worse.

# data[].attributes.headline
10.11 ~ I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

# data[].attributes.subject
10.11 ~ I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

# data[].attributes.body
perceptual set:

priming:

sensation edpuzzle:
1. Does perception come from top-down or bottom-up?
-top-down
2. What about sensation?
-bottom-up
3. How can top-down processing change how features are perceived?
-

4. Cambridge reading test: perception
awareness test: sensation

inattentional blindness: (clown video)

change blindness: (magician phenomenon)

% change = difference threshold
Weber's Law = JND

5. AT= minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

JND = the amount something must be changed in order to detect it 50% of the time

Top-down processing:
Know how its going to rain or snow

Bottom-up processing:
orange + cup = orange juice