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Tattoo - cannot be a criminal offence generally. Although it breaks both layers of the skin and technically its ABH, R v Brown states if ABH or above is intended and/or caused consent is irrelevant unless it is lawful exception.

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AI is a great tool, but you shouldn’t rely on it to do your work. Learn more about our dos and don’ts for using AI at NTU, plus where you can go for help and support.

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Read the below question and response returned by an artificial intelligence programme. Explain how the AI response is incorrect and/or misleading.

Larry is a friend of Millie. He has in the past lent Millie money, but has never been repaid. When Millie goes to visit Larry at his flat they enter into an argument about the money. Larry pushes Millie (causing her no injury) and they continue to struggle. Larry loses his balance and bangs his head against the corner of the coffee table. He suffers a serious cut to his forehead.

Larry’s flatmate, Ken returns home and seeing Larry bleeding on the floor he picks up a heavy vase and hits Millie over the head intending to cause her serious injury. Millie suffers a fractured skull.

Just at that moment, Millie’s elderly father arrives to collect her and drive her home. At the sight of his daughter with such injuries, he experiences sudden chest pain and collapses. He requires a lengthy hospital stay on the cardiac ward to stabilise his heart function.

Consider the criminal liability, if any, arising in this scenario.

AI ‘answer’

1. Larry’s Actions:Larry pushes Millie (causing her no injury)

Our answer

Force has been applied. Battery. Definition - Fagan - AR application of unlawful force

MR - intention/subj recklessness - Venna

Application - direct intention (Mohan)

Conduct acceptable in everyday life - Collin v Wilcock/F v West Berkshire.

AI answer:

Pushing Millie: Although Larry pushed Millie, causing no injury, this could still be considered an assault. Assault does not require physical injury, just the intent/subjective recklessness to cause apprehension of immediate unlawful force.

2. Larry's injury : Millie defendant - continue to struggle. Larry loses his balance and bangs his head against the corner of the coffee table. He suffers a serious cut to his forehead.

Our answer:

GBH - DPP v Smith - really serious harm

Wound - Eisenhower; Moriarty. CPS Charging Standards - life changing if would scar. Sustained or substantial medical treatment.

s20/s18. Not s18 - intention to cause gbh.

s20 - wound or inflict any grievous bodily harm

inflict - Ireland - cause and inflict are interchangeable

Causation - Factual - but for (White)

Legal - Operating and substantial cause (Smith), Pagett, Kimsey - de minimis

Defence - lost his balance so was due to his own actions. Roberts - his response was 'daft' and unreasonable. Break in the chain?

If it is not accepted by the jury that the cut is GBH, it will be ABH. Apply s47

AI answer

Struggle Leading to Injury: Larry’s injury from the struggle (banging his head) is self-inflicted and does not result in criminal liability for Millie unless it can be proven that she acted with intent or recklessness to cause such harm. Mowatt - some harm might occur.

3. Ken’s Actions:

Hitting Millie with a Vase: Larry’s flatmate, Ken returns home and seeing Larry bleeding on the floor he picks up a heavy vase and hits Millie over the head intending to cause her serious injury. Millie suffers a fractured skull.

Our answer

GBH - Really serious harm (DPP v Smith). Substantial or sustained medical treatment.

s18 - intended to cause her serious injury - direct - aim or purpose (Mohan).

AI:

Ken’s action of hitting Millie with a vase, intending to cause serious injury, constitutes a serious offense. This could be classified as:

Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH): Under Section 47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, causing harm with intent.

Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH): Under Section 20 or Section 18 of the same Act, depending on whether the intent to cause serious injury can be proven. Section 18 is more severe as it involves specific intent to cause serious harm.

4. Millie’s Father’s Condition:

Our answer:

GBH

Causation - Factual - But for - told because of the shock he had the heart attack. Dyson - acceleration.

Legal - Pagett, Smith, Kimsey - de minimis

Thin skull - Blaue.

MR? - s18 - no intention. Transferred malice?

s20 - MR - reckless - unjustified risk taking.

AI

Resulting Heart Attack: The heart attack suffered by Millie’s father could potentially be linked to the shock of seeing his daughter injured. However, establishing criminal liability for this would be complex. It would require proving that the shock was a direct and foreseeable result of Ken’s actions, which might be challenging.

In summary:

Larry could be liable for assault.

Ken could be liable for ABH or GBH, depending on the level of intent proven.

Millie’s father’s condition might not result in direct criminal liability for Ken unless a direct causal link can be established.

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Link to article - Ice hockey manslaughter

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Link to article - Ice hockey manslaughter

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Police investigating the death of the professional ice hockey player Adam Johnson have arrested a man on suspicion of manslaughter.

Johnson, 29, died after appearing to receive a catastrophic cut to his neck from the skate blade of another player during a Challenge Cup game between his team, Nottingham Panthers, and Sheffield Steelers on 30 October.

About 8,000 people were in the crowd for the Saturday night match at Sheffield Arena. Witnesses said the incident was horrific and left many fans in tears as the match was abandoned.

On Tuesday, South Yorkshire police said: "Detectives have today arrested a man on suspicion of manslaughter. He remains in police custody at this time.

"On Saturday 28 October, Adam, aged 29, was seriously injured during a game between Nottingham Panthers and Sheffield Steelers and was sadly later pronounced deceased in hospital. A postmortem examination confirmed he died as a result of a fatal neck injury."

Det Ch Supt Becs Horsfall said: "Our investigation launched immediately following this tragedy and we have been carrying out extensive enquiries ever since to piece together the events which led to the loss of Adam in these unprecedented circumstances.

"We have been speaking to highly specialised experts in their field to assist in our inquiries and continue to work closely with the health and safety department at Sheffield city council, which is supporting our ongoing investigation.

"Adam's death has sent shock waves through many communities, from our local residents here in Sheffield to ice hockey fans across the world. We know these communities will expect us to handle this investigation with the same professionalism, fairness and sensitivity as any other and request that members of the public refrain from comment and speculation which could hinder this process. Our thoughts remain with all affected by this devastating incident as inquiries continue."

Police have not named the man arrested.

Johnson, originally from Minnesota in the US, signed for Nottingham Panthers in August after a career that included spells playing for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Malmö Redhawks in Sweden and Augsburger Panther in Germany.

Many tributes have been paid to Johnson. Omar Pacha, the Panthers chief executive, said: "Adam's sense of humour, his humbleness, his unselfishness, his contagious smile and his ability to be kind and respectful to everybody at the club were his standout features."

At the opening of an inquest into Johnson's death, the Sheffield coroner Tanyka Rawden called for neck guards to be made compulsory in the sport.

In a report about the prevention of ice hockey deaths in the UK, Rawden said she was "sufficiently concerned that deaths may occur in the future if neck guards or protectors are not worn".

Ice Hockey UK and the English Ice Hockey Association (EIHA) were given 56 days to reply about what action has been taken, or why action has not been taken.

The EIHA said neck guards would become mandatory from 2024, but the Elite League is not under its control. The Elite League, in which the Panthers and Steelers compete, has said it will not make the use of neck guards mandatory but will "strongly encourage" players and officials to wear them after the tragedy.

Reacting to news of an arrest from her home in Kelly Lake, Minnesota, Adam's aunt Kari Johnson said: "We're just going to have to let it play out and see what happens. Whatever they'd decided, I would have had to live with it. But I'm just glad they are being diligent with doing what they're supposed to be doing."

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Police arrest man over death of ice hockey player during UK match

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Man held on suspicion of manslaughter over death of Adam Johnson, who was fatally injured during match in Sheffield

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Legislation is available in different versions:

Latest Available (revised): The latest available updated version of the legislation incorporating changes made by subsequent legislation and applied by our editorial team. Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the 'Changes to Legislation' area.

Original (As Enacted or Made): The original version of the legislation as it stood when it was enacted or made. No changes have been applied to the text.

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Latest Available (revised): The latest available updated version of the legislation incorporating changes made by subsequent legislation and applied by our editorial team. Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the 'Changes to Legislation' area.

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An Act to consolidate and amend the Statute Law of England and Ireland relating to Offences against the Person.

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2.   Suzy and Betsy were enjoying a girls’ weekend away at the seaside.  Both had been through difficult break-ups and were enjoying some time together, away from their personal difficulties.

During a long and boozy lunch, they agreed to do something to remember their weekend away.  Suzy decided to get a tattoo and Betsy a nose piercing.  Suzy, who had drunk a significant amount of alcohol, stumbled into a tattoo parlour and asked for an image of a bulldog on her arm. The tattooist completed the tattoo.  Betsy had her nose pierced but two weeks later discovered she had contracted Hep C as the piercer had used a dirty needle.

A few weeks later, Suzy and Betsy went out dancing.  Whilst Suzy was chatting to Jeb, Betsy met Harry. They went home together and had sex. During sex Harry asked Betsy if he could spank her – Betsy agreed. The spanking left several bruises on Betsy’s buttocks. Meanwhile, Suzy had gone home with Jeb.  After having sex, she asked Jeb to burn the bulldog tattoo off her arm and he obliged by burning Suzy’s arm with an iron.

Betsy had not told Harry that she had Hep C. Harry has now contracted Hep C.

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Sign on to Thomson Reuters products and services including Westlaw, Westlaw Edge, Practical Law, CLEAR, ProView, law books, practice management solutions, and more.

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Sign on to Thomson Reuters products and services including Westlaw, Westlaw Edge, Practical Law, CLEAR, ProView, law books, practice management solutions, and more.

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Sign on to Thomson Reuters products and services including Westlaw, Westlaw Edge, Practical Law, CLEAR, ProView, law books, practice management solutions, and more.

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Sign on to Thomson Reuters products and services including Westlaw, Westlaw Edge, Practical Law, CLEAR, ProView, law books, practice management solutions, and more.

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Non-Fatal Offences against the Person S18 Exam errors Errors Student results To add - % 2022 Coursework Issue concerning severe bruising and concussion Section 20 Issue concerning a fractured eye socket as a result of running away from a gun being pointed at them s20 not