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1. India is the second most populous country.
2.Its total population is 1,028 million (2001).
3. India’s population is larger than the total population of North America, South America and Australia.

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1.Population data are collected through Census operation held every 10 years in our country.
2.The first population Census in India was conducted in 1872 but its first complete Census was conducted only in 1881.

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1. India has a highly uneven pattern of population distribution.
2.The percentage shares of population of the states and Union Territories in the country show that Uttar Pradesh has the highest population followed by Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal.
3.that U.P., Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh along with Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Gujarat, together account for about 76% of the total population.
4.population is very small in the
states like Jammu & Kashmir (1.04%),
Arunachal Pradesh (0.11%) and Uttarakhand (0.84%) inspite of their  large geographical area.
5.This India suggests a close relationship
between population and physical, socio-
economic and historical factors.]
6.  It is clear that climate along with terrain and availability of water largely determines the pattern of the population distribution.
7.The North Indian Plains, deltas and
Coastal Plains have higher proportion of
population than the interior districts of southern and central Indian States, Himalayas, some of the north eastern and the western states.
8.Development of irrigation (Rajasthan),
availability of mineral and energy resources
(Jharkhand) and development of transport
network (Peninsular States) have resulted in moderate to high concentration of population in areas.
9. The regions falling in the river
plains and coastal areas of India have remained the regions of larger population concentration.
10.The urban regions of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Jaipur have high concentration of population due to industrial development and Urbanisation.

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1.Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time. Its rate is expressed in percentage.
2. Population growth has two components namely; natural and induced.
3. While the natural growth is analysed by assessing the crude birth and death rates.
4.The decadal and annual growth rates of population in India are both very high and steadily increasing over time. The annual growth rate of India’s population is 1.64% (2011).

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Phase I:
1.The period from 1901-1921 is referred to as a period of stagnant or stationary phase of growth of India’s population.
2.In this period growth rate was very low, even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921.
3.Both the birth rate and death rate were high keeping the rate of increase low.
4. Poor health and medical services, illiteracy of people at large and inefficient distribution system of food and other basic necessities were largely responsible for a high birth and death rates in this period.
Phase II :
1.The decades 1921-1951 are referred to as the period of steady population growth.
2. An overall improvement in health and sanitation throughout the country brought down the mortality rate.
3. At the same time better transport and communication system improved distribution system.
3.The crude birth rate remained high in this period leading to higher growth rate than the previous phase.
4.This is impressive at the backdrop of Great Economic Depression, 1920s and World War II.

Phase III :
1.The decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India, which was caused by a rapid fall in the mortality rate but a high fertility rate of population in the country.
2 .The average annual growth rate was as high as 2.2 %.
3.It is in this period, after the Independence, that developmental activities were introduced through a centralised planning process and economy started showing up ensuring the improvement of living condition of people at large.

4.Consequently, there was a high natural increase and higher growth rate. Besides, increased international migration bringing in Tibetans, Bangladeshis, Nepalies and even people from Pakistan contributed to the high growth rate.
Phase IV :
1.In the post 1981 till present, the growth rate of country’s population though remained high, has started slowing down gradually.
2.A downward trend of crude birth rate is held responsible for such a population growth.
3. This was, in turn, affected by an increase in the mean age at marriage, improved quality of life particularly education of females in the country.

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1.The growth rate of population during 1991-2001 in Indian States and Union Territories shows very obvious pattern.
2.The States like Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Puducherry, and Goa show a low rate of growth not exceeding 20 % over the decade. Kerala registered the lowest growth rate (9.4%).
3.A continuous belt of states from west to east in the north west, north, and north central parts of the country has relatively high growth rate than the southern states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand. The growth rate on the average remained 20-25 per cent.
4.During 2001-2011, the growth rates of almost all States and Union Territories have registered a lower figure compared to the previous decade, namely, 1991-2001. The
percentage decadal growth rates of the six most
populous States: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
5. The fall being the lowest for Andhra Pradesh (3.5%) and highest for Maharashtra (6.7%). Tamil Nadu (3.9%) and Puducherry (7.1%) have registered some increase during 2001-2011 over the previous decade.
6.An important aspect of population growth in India is the growth of its adolescents. At present the share of adolescents i.e., up to the age group of 10-19 years is about 20.9% (2011), among which male adolescents constitute 52.7% and female adolescents constitute 47.3%.
7. There are many challenges for the society as far as these adolescents are concerned, some of which are lower age at marriage, illiteracy – particularly female illiteracy, school dropouts, low intake of nutrients, high rate of maternal mortality of adolescent mothers, high rates of HIV/AIDS
infections, physical and mental disability or retardedness, drug abuse and alcoholism, juvenile delinquency and commitence of crimes, etc.
8. The Government of India has undertaken certain policies to impart proper education to the adolescent groups so that their talents are better channelised and properly utilised. The National Youth Policy is one example which has been designed to look into the overall development of our large youth and adolescent population.
9.The National Youth Policy of Government of India, launched in 2003, stresses on an all round improvement of the youth and adolescents enabling them to shoulder responsibility towards constructive development of the country. It also aims at reinforcing the qualities of patriotism and responsible citizenship.
10.This policy is youth empowerment in terms of their effective participation in decision making and carrying
the responsibility of an able leader. Special emphasis was given in empowering women and girl child to bring parity in the male-female status.

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Density of population, is expressed as number
of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a
better understanding of the spatial distribution
of population in relation to land. The density of
population in India (2011) is 382 persons per
sq km. There has been a steady increase of more
than 200 persons per sq km over the last 50
years as the density of population increased
from 117 persons/ sq km in 1951 to 382
persons/sq km in 2011.
The data shown in Appendix (i)A give an
idea of spatial variation of population densities
in the country which ranges from as low as 17
persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh to
11,320 persons in the National Capital Territory
of Delhi. Among the northern Indian States,
Bihar (1106), West Bengal (1028) and and Uttar
Pradesh (829) have higher densities, while
Kerala (860) and Tamil Nadu (555) have higher
densities among the peninsular Indian states.
States like Assam, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Haryana, Jharkhand, Odisha have moderate
densities. The hill states of the Himalayan region
and North eastern states of India (excluding
Assam) have relatively low densities while the
Union Territories (excluding Andaman and
Nicobar islands) have very high densities of
population (Appendix–iA).
The density of population, as discussed
in the earlier paragraph, is a crude measure
of human and land relationship. To get a better
insight into the human-land ratio in terms of
pressure of population on total cultivable land,
the physiological and the agricultural densities
should be found out which are significant for
a country like India having a large agricultural population

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Physiological density = total population /
net cultivated area
Agricultural density = total agricultural
population / net cultivable area
Agricultural population includes cultivators
and agricultural labourers and their family
members.

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Population composition is a distinct field of study within population geography with a vast coverage of analysis of age and sex, place of residence, ethnic characteristics, tribes, language, religion, marital status, literacy and education, occupational characteristics, etc. I

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Composition of population by their respective places of residence is an important indicator of social and economic characteristics.
India has 640,867 villages according to the Census 2011 out of which 597,608 (93.2 per cent) are inhabited villages
Bihar and Sikkim have very high percentage of rural population.
Goa and Maharashtra have only little over half of their total population residing in villages
The Union Territories, on the other hand, have smaller proportion of rural population, except Dadra and Nagar Haveli

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Less than 200 persons in the hill states of north-eastern India, Western Rajasthan and Rann of Kuchchh
High as 17 thousand persons in the states of Kerala and in parts of Maharashtra

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The growth rate of urban population has accelerated due to enhanced economic development and improvement in health and hygienic conditions

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India is a land of linguistic diversity
According to Grierson (Linguistic Survey of India, 1903 – 1928)       179 LANGUAGE  544 DIALECTS
22 SCHEDULE LANGUAGE
Hindi have the highest percentage.
Smallest language groups are Sanskrit, Bodo and Manipuri speakers (2011)

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Religion is one of the most dominant forces affecting the cultural and political life of the majority of Indians

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major group in many states
except the districts of states along IndoBangladesh border, Indo-Pak border, Jammu & Kashmir, Hill States of North-East and in scattered areas of Deccan Plateau and Ganga Plain.

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Largest religious minority
Concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, certain districts of West Bengal and Kerala, many districts of Uttar Pradesh

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distributed mostly in rural areas of the country
concentration is observed along the Western coast around Goa, Kerala and also in the hill states of Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Chotanagpur area and Hills of Manipur

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concentrated in relatively small area of the country, particularly in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi

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concentration in the urban areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra

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concentrated mostly in Maharashtra Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir, Tripura, and Lahul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh.

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three groups  main workers, marginal workers and non-workers.

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The proportion of working population, of the states and Union Territories show a moderate variation from about 39.6 per cent in Goa to about 49.9 per cent in Daman and Diu
The states with larger percentages of workers are Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya
The Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu have higher participation rate

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India’s population show a large proportion of primary sector workers compared to secondary and tertiary sectors
54.6 per cent of total working population are cultivators and agricultural labourers
3.8% of workers are engaged in household industries
41.6 % are other workers including non household industries, trade, commerce, construction and repair and other services
male workers out-number female workers in all the three sectors

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Composition of Working Population Class 12 - Population | Class 12 Geography