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Harry Harlow and The "Hospitalization" Effect

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Harry Harlow and The "Hospitalization" Effect

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Harry Harlow was an American psychologist who is famous for his maternal-separation studies, especially with rhesus monkeys. He was born in 1905 and died in 1981, he had a degree from Stanford University and Reed College.

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Overview on "The Monkey Love Experiments."

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Overview on "The Monkey Love Experiments."

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Harlow's Studies on Dependency in Monkeys

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Harry Harlow and his team created two monkeys to be stand in mothers. One was cold and made of wire with a robotic face. The other was made of wood with a warm light in the middle with terry cloth wrapped around it and a monkey like face.

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The reason for the study was to see if infants gained a connection with their mothers through food, or comfort. This study would help countless children in foster care and orphanages that were deprived as children. It gave insight as to what exactly deprivation from love and comfort could really do to a child. The study, even though is heart breaking to separate the baby monkeys from their mothers, has proved to be valuable and necessary to understand how to help deprived children and how to rehabilitate them.

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As soon as the baby monkeys were born, they were separated  from their mothers and immediately isolated from all contact with other monkeys and the people involved with the study. They put them into a room with the two mothers and observed. The monkeys would choose the mother that was soft and warm, as it provided comfort. Milk would be dispensed out randomly, one day it might come from the terry cloth mother, and the next it would come from the wire mother.
The monkeys, when their own cloth mother did not have milk, they would drink from the other, cautious and scared and often going for a small drink before returning to the cloth mother quickly.
When the monkey was frightened, it would run to the cloth mother for immediate comfort, and sometimes after gaining that comfort could gain enough confidence to explore the thing that scared them.

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They all immediately noticed that the monkeys preferred comfort over even food. They needed the warmth and softness of their mother to comfort them when stressed.

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Most the the babies chose the cloth monkey, so they weren't able to see what really happened emotionally to the monkeys who couldn’t have that comfort. So with a new sample group, they made 2 groups, one would have the terry cloth mother and one the wire, they no longer had the choice.
They knew the results of the terry cloth babies, but not really the wire babies, they also made sure the baby monkeys ate enough and grew at the same rate as the other group
It was quick to show that the babies of the wire mothers found no comfort in their mothers. They would eat from the mother and thats it. When faced with stressful situations, the monkey knew that the mother would not give any comfort, so instead of running to the mother like the terry cloth babies, they threw themselves to the ground and screamed and held onto themselves. They were forced to give themselves comfort, knowing the mother gave none.
It was interesting to find out that the way the monkeys acted were similar to children with autism.

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In the YouTube video provided, you can see the monkeys were briefly separated from their mother and put into a strange room with toys in it. The monkey was cautious and nervous, trying to find comfort, but not finding any. The monkey refused to play with any toys while distressed.
They then put the wire mother in the play pen, and the monkey was startled, but never went to the mother, and even laid on a small cloth in the pen over the wire mother.
Then they put the cloth mother in, and immediately the baby ran to it and seeked comfort by clinging to it.
Even though the wire mother was the one who nursed the baby monkey, the baby preferred comfort over that fact.
Once the monkey gained enough confidence from the mother, he goes and explores and plays with some toys and is curious.

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After around 8 months, they reintroduced the monkeys to other young monkeys the same age who were not isolated. Their behavior was strikingly different. The well socialized baby monkeys played with each other and are normal. The previously isolated monkeys would often sit an not play, and not interact with the other monkeys.

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After several runs of the test, they found that the longest a baby monkey can go in isolation and be able to recover was 90 days, which is equivalent to 3 months to a human infant. Anything past that point, the monkeys could not fully recover.

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As horrific as this experiment was, it was crucial. It helped countless children in foster care and orphanages. It helped people gain an understanding of what having a deprived childhood caused. They could also help rehabilitate the children.