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Explain what is meant by the scope of knowledge, with examples of how it extends far into our lives.

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Explain what is meant by the scope of knowledge, with examples of how it extends far into our lives.

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The scope of knowledge is a very vast term which consists of the knowledge we obtain throughout our lives according to its importance to the needs of our societies, or according to its relevance and appeal to us personally. The scope of knowledge is composed by three different terms of thought, knowing from direct personal experience; often difficult to put into words, knowing how to do something; skill and knowing that something is so; information and ideas.

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Comment on ways in which the knowledge of many different people is interconnected, collective and cumulative as we achieve tasks in the world.

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Comment on ways in which the knowledge of many different people is interconnected, collective and cumulative as we achieve tasks in the world.

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There exist some interrelated forms of knowledge because our skills highly depend on our personal experience and the information we get from experts. The knowledge of different people is connected,  If we think about the cumulative knowledge of cooking food, do we end up tracing knowledge from our modern appliances right back to the discovery of fire? Tracing the knowledge and the knowers behind a simple loaf of bread can take us into agriculture, technology, communication, marketing and ethics

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Reflect thoughtfully on why knowledge matters in the world.

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Reflect thoughtfully on why knowledge matters in the world.

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There are different types of knowledge, the scope of knowledge is one of the most important things in the world. Our world now is formed by the information we have learned in the past. It has influenced our reasoning skills, our communication styles, and has made life easier for everyone. Individual knowledge is also significant since it aids personal development and growth. Knowledge is important to the world because without it, our civilization would perish.

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Recognise an analytical breakdown of knowledge into three major kinds: knowing from direct experience, knowing how (skills) and knowing that... (information and ideas; knowledge claims).

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Recognise an analytical breakdown of knowledge into three major kinds: knowing from direct experience, knowing how (skills) and knowing that... (information and ideas; knowledge claims).

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The scope of knowledge is composed by three different terms of thought, knowing from direct personal experience; often difficult to put into words, knowing how to do something; skill and knowing that something is so; information and ideas. Learning to separate skills from other types of knowledge is beneficial, but this does not imply that skills are completely separable. Information and concepts are formed through the abilities that are taught, earned, and assessed in many ways.

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Describe ways in which the three kinds of knowledge are interrelated.

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Describe ways in which the three kinds of knowledge are interrelated.

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The three kinds of knowledge are interrelated in many ways, it is crucial to use three types of knowledge to acquire the full scope of knowledge, For example, at school, we learn facts or the knowledge that something is true, such as that equations can be solved.

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Identify limitations of the scope of knowledge.

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Identify limitations of the scope of knowledge.

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The knowledge we build up ourselves has some limitation. The acquistion of knowledge takes a lot of time and could have problems on the way like:
- Personal experience is constrained by our lifetime
- Your skills can be extended by what others tell you
- The information and concepts available to acquire knowledge are very limited.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘perspective’ and why it matters to knowledge.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘perspective’ and why it matters to knowledge.

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Perspective is defined by a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something, it is a point view. When you want to comprehend an issue from all sides, you should seek out a variety of perspectives on it. Understanding how perspectives function is o critical for anybody who wants to filter through conflicting knowledge assertions.

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Recognise the advantages of multiple perspectives in problem-solving, but also some of the difficulties to be overcome.

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Recognise the advantages of multiple perspectives in problem-solving, but also some of the difficulties to be overcome.

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The diversity of perspectives on many social issues is a benefit when individuals unite to address a problem. People with opposing viewpoints frequently collaborate. People with opposing viewpoints, on the other hand, can occasionally conflict, polarize debate, and prevent any potential conclusions if they believe they are not the best, which is a significant disadvantage.

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Break down perspectives analytically into their most important components.

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Break down perspectives analytically into their most important components.

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By adopting the assumptions, values, and beliefs of a group, cultural views emerge. People feel a sense of belonging to a group that makes sense of the world and their place in it when they share a same worldview. Political and religious viewpoints are also present.

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Apply an analysis of perspectives, at least roughly, to major different viewpoints in your community or country.

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Apply an analysis of perspectives, at least roughly, to major different viewpoints in your community or country.

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The right to have an abortion is a contentious topic in Costa Rica. Abortions are currently illegal in Costa Rica due to the majority's religious, cultural, and political perspectives. The majority of Costa Ricans are Catholics, and abortions are considered murder by Catholics and therefore be forbidden.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘values’ and why it matters to knowledge.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘values’ and why it matters to knowledge.

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Values are a person's beliefs about what is best. Values provide a larger focus on what is the most effective, moral, and significant. Knowledge is vital because additional knowledge may change past values. Values are frequently based on current information about a subject.

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Argue for the importance of teaming up an open mind with thinking critically.

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Argue for the importance of teaming up an open mind with thinking critically.

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When exploring perspectives with critical thinking, you need to have an open mind to be able to gain the best knowledge.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘truth’ in Theory of knowledge and why it matters to knowledge.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘truth’ in Theory of knowledge and why it matters to knowledge.

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“Truth is an abstract concept that guides us in our search for knowledge. The goal of truth-seeking is to eliminate error and falsehood, to understand reality as it is and ourselves as we are. In different contexts, people seek the truth in different ways and often claim to have found it.” Knowing the truth matters to knowledge because you end up having to accept your limitations and accepting what is really happening. The truth helps people be conscious of the situation and live in the present.

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Explain ‘intuition’ and ‘cognitive biases’ and comment on their effects on knowledge.

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Explain ‘intuition’ and ‘cognitive biases’ and comment on their effects on knowledge.

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Critical thinking means being thoughtful, balanced and analytical with the aim of evaluating information and ideas accurately and fairly. Our speedy pre-conscious thinking may also provide us with intuitive insights. When someone has a lot of experience or is an expert in their field, their intuitions may be quite useful since they have a lot of background information that can be quickly applied. Heuristics are shortcuts which are used for judgements or reactions and these happen because of cognitive bias. You might catch the effects of these biases in your own mind so that you can slow down, think consciously and rationally, and reach better conclusions.

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Identify major cognitive biases, including confirmation bias and the availability heuristic, and explain their influence on knowledge.

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Identify major cognitive biases, including confirmation bias and the availability heuristic, and explain their influence on knowledge.

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One of the cognitive biases that most affects our brain is the confirmation bias. We are inclined, all of us, to take in knowledge claims that accord with, and reinforce, our own perspectives and to screen out those that conflict with the views we hold already. The availability heuristic can affect our perception of the likelihood of an event happening. This is why we have to be aware of our thoughts to listen to the truth instead of what we want to hear.

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Recognise the importance of breaking down knowledge claims into different types.

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Recognise the importance of breaking down knowledge claims into different types.

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Being aware of the biases helps us be critical and realistic about real life situations. Breaking down the information we receive into categories affects the investigation and interpretation of our findings. A ‘knowledge claim’ is an assertion whereby you are putting into words what you think. Whenever you are telling anyone about anything, you are making knowledge claims.

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Identify six different types of knowledge claims and know their names.

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Identify six different types of knowledge claims and know their names.

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There are different kinds of knowledge claims like: observational statements, value judgements, metaphysical statements, predictions, hypothetical statements and definitions.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘justification’ in Theory of knowledge and why it matters to knowledge.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘justification’ in Theory of knowledge and why it matters to knowledge.

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Justifying a knowledge claim means providing good reasons for accepting and asserting it. What qualifies as a good reason depends on the nature of the knowledge claim, its context, and the people doing the evaluating. People use their perspective to interpret information but to make sure that it is true it has to be justified with evidence.

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Recognise connections between the different types of knowledge claims and the different kinds of justifications that are appropriate.

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Recognise connections between the different types of knowledge claims and the different kinds of justifications that are appropriate.

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The amount of justification you expect depends on whether the knowledge claim is trivial or important. Adding a justification to a certain knowledge claim is very important to support it.

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Comment on the role of opinion in knowledge and its relationship with justification.

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Comment on the role of opinion in knowledge and its relationship with justification.

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In areas of knowledge, you can compare the kinds of justification that are demanded in different fields and gain insight into how knowledge is constructed. Opinions interfere with justification, many people use their opinion as evidence instead of the truth.

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Reflect on the justifications used for knowledge claims in your own IB subjects.

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Reflect on the justifications used for knowledge claims in your own IB subjects.

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All of our IB subjects are justified concrete facts and evidence that agree with the subject. In the public domain you can ask for better justifications before you accept knowledge claims. In areas of knowledge, you can compare the kinds of justification that are demanded in different fields and gain insight into how knowledge is constructed.

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Articulate the ideal relationship between ‘justification’ and ‘persuasion’, and distinguish ‘persuasion’ from ‘manipulation’.

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Articulate the ideal relationship between ‘justification’ and ‘persuasion’, and distinguish ‘persuasion’ from ‘manipulation’.

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Persuasion is influenced by each individual's opinion which is used to justify a claim, the justifications have to be sufficient – in both quantity and quality. However, persuasion does not always work through discussion of perspectives or examination of justifications. Persuasion often entirely bypasses these, to appeal to us otherwise. The tactics of advertising can be very effective, especially with so much current research on how our human minds work. Much more serious, though, are strategies of deliberately spreading misinformation.

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Evaluate sources of information used as justification, including authority, expert opinion and consensus.

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Evaluate sources of information used as justification, including authority, expert opinion and consensus.

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Evidence can be justified by a couple of different sources of authority. We need to be careful with who we trust because not all information is reliable. The logical fallacy  of ‘ appeal to authority has a very long history indeed. It is a tactic of argument relevant today.

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Identify the role of different forms of reasoning in providing justification.

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Identify the role of different forms of reasoning in providing justification.

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Appropriate use of relevant authorities as sources of knowledge is entirely different. We look to experts to teach us, explain what justifications persuaded them to their conclusions, and, if they can, distil for us the important ideas that they themselves have grasped. In dealing with many social issues, we need experts to give us knowledge for grounding informed social and political decisions.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘evidence’ in Theory of knowledge and why it matters to knowledge.

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Explain what is meant by the core concept ‘evidence’ in Theory of knowledge and why it matters to knowledge.

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Evidence is the most important concept in the topic of justification. To justify you need to have facts backed up with concrete evidence. Sometimes assumptions can be buried in language so that you do not even notice them. If you implicitly accept them, you can be led more easily to the conclusion that the speaker has already reached.

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Identify some major flaws in using evidence as justification, and explain the following: motivated reasoning, appeals to emotion, anecdotal evidence, cherry picking evidence, mistaking correlation for cause, and deliberate deception.

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Identify some major flaws in using evidence as justification, and explain the following: motivated reasoning, appeals to emotion, anecdotal evidence, cherry picking evidence, mistaking correlation for cause, and deliberate deception.

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We do not always use evidence well. Learn to recognise common mistakes to think more clearly for yourself and to have better protection against being misled. Anecdotal evidence is not reliable. Think back to inductive reasoning, and the folly of basing a general conclusion on too few particular examples.