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SMART New Year's resolutions (NYT article)

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SMART New Year's resolutions (NYT article)

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online dictionary englisch-deutsch - Google Search

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LEO.org: Your online dictionary for English-German translations. Offering forums, vocabulary trainer and language courses. Also available as App!

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1. to look at or consider again an idea, piece of writing, etc. in order to…

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Simple present vs. present progressive (various clips)

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Simple present vs. present progressive (various clips)

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Jay Walker explains why two billion people around the world are trying to learn English. He shares photos and spine-tingling audio of Chinese students rehearsing English -- "the world's second language" -- by the thousands.

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English is spoken by hundreds of millions of people worldwide, but do the development of translation technology and "hybrid" languages threaten its status?

Which country boasts the most English speakers, or people learning to speak English?

According to a study published by Cambridge University Press, up to 350 million people there have at least some knowledge of English - and at least another 100 million in India.

There are probably more people in China who speak English as a second language than there are Americans who speak it as their first. (A fifth of Americans speak a language other than English in their own homes.)

But for how much longer will English qualify as the "world's favourite language"? The World Economic Forum estimates about 1.5 billion people around the world speak it - but fewer than 400 million have it as their first language.

Of course, there is more than one English, even in England. In the historic port city of Portsmouth, for example, the regional dialect - Pompey - is still very much in use, despite the challenges from new forms of online English and American English.

English is the world's favourite lingua franca - the language people are most likely to turn to when they don't share a first language. Imagine, for example, a Chinese speaker who speaks no French in conversation with a French speaker who speaks no Chinese. The chances are that they would use English.

Five years ago, perhaps. But not any more. Thanks to advances in computer translation and voice-recognition technology, they can each speak their own language, and hear what their interlocutor is saying, machine-translated in real time.

So English's days as the world's top global language may be numbered. To put it at its most dramatic: the computers are coming, and they are winning.

You are probably reading this in English, the language in which I wrote it. But with a couple of clicks on your computer, or taps on your tablet, you could just as easily be reading it in German or Japanese. So why bother to learn English if computers can now do all the hard work for you?

At present, if you want to do business internationally, or play the latest video games, or listen to the latest popular music, you're going to have a difficult time if you don't speak any English. But things are changing fast.

In California, Wonkyum Lee, a South Korean computer scientist for Gridspace, is helping to develop translation and voice-recognition technology that will be so good that when you call a customer service helpline, you won't know whether you're talking to a human or a computer.

Christopher Manning, professor of machine learning, linguistics and computer science at Stanford University, insists there is no reason why, in the very near future, computer translation technology can't be as good as, or better than, human translators.

But this is not the only challenge English is facing. Because so many people speak it as their second or third language, hybrid forms are spreading, combining elements of "standard" English with vernacular languages. In India alone, you can find Hinglish (Hindi-English), Benglish (Bengali-English) and Tanglish (Tamil-English).

In the US, many Hispanic Americans, with their roots in Central and South America, speak Spanglish, combining elements from English and the language of their parents and grandparents.

Language is more than a means of communication. It is also an expression of identity - telling us something about a person's sense of who they are. The San Francisco poet Josiah Luis Alderete, who writes in Spanglish, calls it the "language of resistance", a way for Hispanic Americans to hold on to - and express pride in - their heritage, even if they were born and brought up in the US.

English owes its global dominance to being the language of what until recently were two of the world's most powerful nations: the US and the UK. But now, especially with the rise of China as an economic superpower, the language is being challenged.

If you are an ambitious young jobseeker in sub-Saharan Africa, you might be better off learning Mandarin Chinese and looking for work in China than relying on your school-level English and hoping for a job in the US or UK.

In the US itself, learning Chinese is becoming increasingly popular. In 2015, it was reported that the number of school students studying the language had doubled in two years and, at college level, there had been a 50% rise over the past decade.

In Uganda, however, all secondary schools must conduct classes entirely in English, and some parents teach their young children English as their first language. In many parts of the world, English is still regarded as a passport to success.

So is the future of English at risk? I don't think so, although its global dominance may well diminish over the coming decades. Like all languages, it is constantly changing and adapting to new needs. Until recently, "text" and "friend" were simple nouns. Now, they are also verbs, as in "I'll text you," or "Why don't you friend me?"

Computerised translation technology, the spread of hybrid languages, the rise of China - all pose real challenges. But I continue to count myself immensely fortunate to have been born in a country where I can cherish and call my own the language of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton and Dickens, even though the language I call English is very different from theirs.

Find out more:

Robin Lustig's four-part documentary series, The Future of English, begins on the BBC World Service on Wednesday, 23 May

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Can English remain the 'world's favourite' language?

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English is spoken by hundreds of millions of people worldwide, but do new translation technology and "hybrid" languages threaten its status?

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Watch the short clip “The world’s English mania” (https://www.ted.com/talks/jay_walker_the_world_s_english_mania).
Please, explain what is “the world’s English mania“ and what are the main reasons for it.
Now, read the article “Can English remain the ‘world’s favourite’ language?” (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44200901).
Please, summarize what the article is about. What is the author’s conclusion on the role of English as the dominant language? What’s your opinion?

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Introduction

As Europe's largest economy and second most-populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, including the EC (now the EU) and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War allowed German reunification to occur in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Geography

three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana

agricultural land: 48% (2018 est.)

arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)

forest: 31.8% (2018 est.)

other: 20.2% (2018 est.)

Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km
note - [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

People and Society

German (official); note - Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

major-language sample(s):
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Environment

agricultural land: 48% (2018 est.)

arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)

forest: 31.8% (2018 est.)

other: 20.2% (2018 est.)

Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km
note - [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Government

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:
Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats statutory, 71 current; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)
Federal Diet or Bundestag (736 seats statutory, 736 for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; currently includes 4 seats for independent members; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members' terms depend upon the states they represent)

elections: Bundesrat - none; determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election
Bundestag - last held on 26 September 2021 (next to be held by September 2025); almost all postwar German governments have been coalitions

election results: Bundesrat - composition - men 43, women 26, percentage women 37.7%

Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 28%, CDU/CSU 26.8%, Alliance '90/Greens 16%, FDP 12.5%, AfD 11%, The Left 5.3%, other .04%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 197, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 81, The Left 39, other 3; composition - men 476, women 260, percentage women 34.9%; note - total Parliament percentage women 35.5%

note: due to Germany's recognition of the concepts of "overhang" (when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituency seats won in an election under Germany's mixed member proportional system) and "leveling" (whereby additional seats are elected to supplement the members directly elected by each constituency in order to ensure that each party's share of the total seats is roughly proportional to the party's overall shares of votes at the national level), the 20th Bundestag is the largest to date

Alliance '90/Greens [Ricarda LANG and Omid NOURIPOUR]
Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alice WEIDEL and Tino CHRUPALLA]
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Friedrich MERZ]
Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]
Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]
Free Voters [Hubert AIWANGER]
The Left or Die Linke [Janine WISSLER and Martin SCHIRDEWAN]
Social Democratic Party or SPD [Saskia ESKEN and Lars KLINGBEIL]

chief of mission: Ambassador Amy GUTMANN (since 17 February 2022)

embassy: Pariser Platz 2, 10117 Berlin
Clayallee 170, 14191 Berlin (administrative services)

mailing address: 5090 Berlin Place, Washington DC 20521-5090

telephone: [49] (30) 8305-0

FAX: [49] (30) 8305-1215

email address and website:
BerlinPCO@state.gov

https://de.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Dusseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich

total World Heritage Sites: 52 (49 cultural, 3 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin (c); Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin (c); Speyer Cathedral (c); Upper Middle Rhine Valley (c); Aachen Cathedral (c); Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau (c); Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura (c); Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar, and Upper Harz Water Management System (c); Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter, and Church of Our Lady in Trier (c); Hanseatic City of Lübeck (c); Old Town of Regensburg (c); Messel Pit Fossil Site (n)

Economy

iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

lowest 10%: 3.1%

highest 10%: 25.2% (2019 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank

comparison ranking: 65

$5,671,463,000,000 (2019 est.)
$5,751,408,000,000 (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 4

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
0.95 (2022 est.)
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)
0.893 (2019 est.)
0.847 (2018 est.)

Energy

electrification - total population: 100% (2021)

726.881 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 218.636 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 316.064 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 192.181 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 6

Communications

Transportation

total: 39,379 km (2020) 20,942 km electrified

15 km 0.900-mm gauge, 24 km 0.750-mm gauge (2015)

comparison ranking: total 6

major seaport(s):
Baltic Sea: Kiel, Rostock
North Sea: Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Emden, Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven

oil terminal(s): Brunsbuttel Canal terminals

container port(s) (TEUs): Bremen/Bremerhaven (5,018,900), Hamburg (8,715,000) (2021)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Hamburg; Brunsbuettel (FSRU); Lubmin (FSRU); Wilhelmshaven (FSRU)

river port(s): Bremen (Weser); Bremerhaven (Geeste); Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine); Lubeck (Wakenitz); Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe)

Military and Security

1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2022)
1.5% of GDP (2021)
1.5% of GDP (2020)
1.4% of GDP (2019)

comparison ranking: 80

the Bundeswehr's core mission is the defense of Germany and its NATO partners; it has a wide range of peacetime duties, including crisis management, cyber security, deterrence, homeland security, humanitarian and disaster relief, and international peacekeeping and stability operations; as a key member of NATO and the EU, the Bundeswehr typically operates in a coalition environment, and its capabilities are largely based on NATO and EU planning goals and needs; it has participated in a range of NATO and EU missions in Europe, Africa, and Asia, as well as global maritime operations; the Bundeswehr has close bilateral defense ties with a number of EU countries, including the Czechia, France, the Netherlands, and Romania, as well as the UK and the US; it also contributes forces to UN peacekeeping missions

the Bundeswehr was established in 1955; at the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, it had nearly 600,000 personnel, over 7,000 tanks, and 1,000 combat aircraft; in addition, over 400,000 soldiers from other NATO countries-including about 200,000 US military personnel-were stationed in West Germany; in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Bundeswehr shrank by more than 60% in size (over 90% in tanks and about 80% in aircraft), while funding fell from nearly 3% of GDP and over 4% of government spending in the mid-1980s to 1.2% and 1.6% respectively; by the 2010s, the Bundeswehr's ability to fulfill its regional security commitments had deteriorated; the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and full-scale assault on Ukraine in 2022 led to renewed emphasis on Germany's leadership role in European defense and NATO and efforts to boost funding for the Bundeswehr to improve readiness, modernize, and expand

the current Bundeswehr Army is comprised of two armored divisions and a rapid forces division; the armored divisions have multiple armored and mechanized infantry brigades, including a Dutch brigade and a bi-national Franco-German brigade; one of the divisions also has a mountain infantry brigade; the rapid forces division has airborne, special operations, and helicopter forces, as well as a Dutch air mobile infantry brigade

the Navy is organized into flotillas for high seas and coastal operations; the high seas flotilla has 12 frigates, while the coastal flotilla has five corvettes and six submarines, plus mine warfare vessels, special operations forces, and marines; the marines cooperate closely with their Dutch counterparts, the Corps Mariniers, and together form a bi-national amphibious group; the Navy also has an aviation command for missions such as maritime surveillance, anti-submarine, and anti-surface warfare

the Air Force has commands for air, transport/logistics, and space operations; it has about 200 combat aircraft, plus dozens of aircraft for other missions, such as transport, tankers, electronic warfare, and reconnaissance, as well as more than 80 helicopters of various types (2023)

Space

has one of Europe's largest space programs; is a key member of the European Space Agency (ESA) and one of its largest contributors; builds and operates satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), space probes, unmanned orbiters, and reusable space planes; conducts research and develops a range of other space-related capabilities technologies, including satellite payloads (cameras, remote sensing, communications, optics, sensors, etc.), rockets and rocket propulsion, propulsion assisted landing technologies, and aeronautics; participates in ESA's astronaut training program and human space flight operations and hosts the European Astronaut Center; participates in other international space programs, such as the International Space Station (ISS); hosts the mission control centers for the ISS and the ESA, as well as the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); in addition to ESA/EU and their member states, has ties to a range of foreign space programs, including those of China, Japan, Russia, and the US; has a robust commercial space industry sector that develops a broad range of space capabilities, including satellite launchers, and cooperates closely with DLR, ESA, and other international commercial entities and government agencies (2023)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country's space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Transnational Issues

maritime transshipment point for cocaine heading for European drug; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics

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As Europe's largest economy and second most-populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945.

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Introduction

Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in increased democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahidin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Usama BIN LADIN.

A UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan and was reelected in August 2009. In February 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed the "US-Taliban Agreement," which contained commitments by the United States related to the withdrawal from Afghanistan of military forces of the United States, its allies, and Coalition partners, as well as commitments by the Taliban related to counterterrorism, among other topics. Following a US drawdown of virtually all its troops, a summer 2021 Taliban offensive quickly overran the country and the Taliban took over Kabul in August of 2021.

Geography

almost six times the size of Virginia; slightly smaller than Texas

Salt water lake(s): Ab-e Istadah-ye Muqur (endorheic basin) - 520 sq km

Amu Darya (shared with Tajikistan [s], Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km; Helmand river source (shared with Iran) - 1,130 km
note - [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km); Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)

People and Society

Afghan Persian or Dari (official, lingua franca) 77%, Pashto (official) 48%, Uzbeki 11%, English 6%, Turkmani 3%, Urdu 3%, Pachaie 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, Balochi 1%, other <1% (2020 est.)

major-language sample(s):

کتاب حقایق جهان، مرجعی ضروری برای اطلاعات اولیە (Dari)

د دنیا د حقائېقو کتاب، بنیادی معلوماتو لپاره ضروری سرچینه- (Pashto)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note 1: percentages sum to more than 100% because many people are multilingual

note 2: Uzbeki, Turkmani, Pachaie, Nuristani, Balochi, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks themDari audio sample: Pashto audio sample:

19.9 years (2015 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 68.3% of population

total: 76.5% of population 70.2%

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 31.7% of population

total: 23.5% of population (2020 est.)

improved: urban: 88.2% of population

rural: 52% of population

total: 61.4% of population

unimproved: urban: 11.8% of population

rural: 48% of population

total: 38.6% of population (2020 est.)

Environment

severe localized food insecurity: due to civil conflict, population displacement, and economic slowdown - the food security situation worsened in recent months due to the impact of COVID‑19 as informal labor opportunities and remittances declined; between November 2020 and March 2021, about 13.15 million people were estimated to be in severe acute food insecurity and to require urgent humanitarian assistance, including 8.52 million people in "Crisis" and 4.3 million people in "Emergency"; the food security of the vulnerable populations, including IDPs and the urban poor, is likely to deteriorate as curfews and restrictions on movements to contain the COVID‑19 outbreak limit the employment opportunities for casual laborers (2021)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 5,628,525 tons (2016 est.)

Salt water lake(s): Ab-e Istadah-ye Muqur (endorheic basin) - 520 sq km

Amu Darya (shared with Tajikistan [s], Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km; Helmand river source (shared with Iran) - 1,130 km
note - [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km); Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)

Government

the United States does not recognize the Taliban government

before the Taliban's takeover of Kabul in August 2021, Afghanistan had a mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic (sharia) law; after August 2021, the Taliban's so-called "interim government" has claimed to be implementing its own interpretation of Islamic law, partially based on the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.

(2021)

chief of state:
president (vacant); note - before 15 August, 2021, the president was both chief of state and head of government; President Ashraf GHANI departed the country on 15 August 2021; on 7 September 2021, the Taliban announced Mullah Mohammad HASSAN Akhund as the so-called "acting Prime Minister" of a so-called "interim government"; as of November 2021, the group had announced three acting so-called "Deputy Prime Ministers": Mullah Abdul Ghani BERADER, Mullah Abdul Salam HANAFI, and Maulawi Abdul KABIR

head of government: president (vacant); note - President Ashraf GHANI departed the country on 15 August 2021; on 7 September 2021, the Taliban announced Mullah Mohammad HASSAN Akhund as the acting Prime Minister of an interim Taliban government; the US does not recognize the Taliban government; as of November 2021, the group had announced three acting Deputy Prime Ministers: Mullah Abdul Ghani BERADER, Mullah Abdul Salam HANAFI, and Maulawi Abdul KABIR

cabinet: before 15 August 2021, the cabinet formerly consisted of 25 ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly; the Taliban have announced a so-called "cabinet" which includes 33 ministries

elections/appointments: the 2004 Afghan constitution directed that the president should be elected by majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 September 2019

election results: no elections have been held since 2019; in that election, Ashraf GHANI was declared winner by the Independent Election Commission on 18 February 2020; the IEC declared Ashraf GHANI the winner with 50.6% of the vote, Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. 39.5%, other 0.9%

description: before 15 August, 2021, Afghanistan had a bicameral National Assembly that consisted of a House of Elders and a House of People; since August 15, the Taliban's so-called "interim government" has not purported to announce the formation of a legislative branch

elections: before 15 August, 2021: House of Elders - district councils - held within 5 days of installation; provincial councils - within 15 days of installation; and presidential appointees - within 2 weeks after the presidential inauguration; note - in early 2016, former President Ashraf Ghani extended their mandate until parliamentary and district elections could be held; former House of People - last held on 20 October 2018

election results: former House of Elders - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 85, women 17, percent of women 16.7%
former House of People - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 182, women 68, percent of women 27.2%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 24.1%

three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other 2 bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are Eastern Arabic numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam

note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century - 19 by one count - than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them

Economy

Prior to 2001, Afghanistan was an extremely poor, landlocked, and foreign aid-dependent country. Increased domestic economic activity occurred following the US-led invasion, as well as significant international economic development assistance. This increased activity expanded access to water, electricity, sanitation, education, and health services, and fostered consistent growth in government revenues since 2014. While international security forces have been drawing down since 2012, with much higher U.S. forces' drawdowns occurring since 2017, economic progress continues, albeit uneven across sectors and key economic indicators. After recovering from the 2018 drought and growing 3.9% in 2019, political instability, expiring international financial commitments, and the COVID-19 pandemic have wrought significant adversity on the Afghan economy, with a projected 5% contraction.

Current political parties' power-sharing agreement following the September 2019 presidential elections as well as ongoing Taliban attacks and peace talks have led to Afghan economic instability. This instability, coupled with expiring international grant and assistance, endangers recent fiscal gains and has led to more internally displaced persons. In November 2020, Afghanistan secured $12 billion in additional international aid for 2021-2025, much of which is conditional upon Taliban peace progress. Additionally, Afghanistan continues to experience influxes of repatriating Afghanis, mostly from Iran, significantly straining economic and security institutions.

Afghanistan's trade deficit remains at approximately 31% of GDP and is highly dependent on financing through grants and aid. While Afghan agricultural growth remains consistent, recent industrial and services growth have been enormously impacted by COVID-19 lockdowns and trade cessations. While trade with the People's Republic of China has rapidly expanded in recent years, Afghanistan still relies heavily upon India and Pakistan as export partners but is more diverse in its import partners. Furthermore, Afghanistan still struggles to effectively enforce business contracts, facilitate easy tax collection, and enable greater international trade for domestic enterprises.

Current Afghan priorities focus on the following goals:

Securing international economic agreements, many of which are contingent on Taliban peace progress;

Increasing exports to $2 billion USD by 2023;

Continuing to expand government revenue collection;

Countering corruption and navigating challenges from the power-sharing agreement; and

Developing a strong private sector that can empower the economy.

$77.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

$78.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$75.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 97

$2,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$2,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 214

$1.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$1.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$1.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

note: not including illicit exports or reexports
country comparison to the world: 165

$6.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$7.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$7.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126

Communications

general assessment: before the Taliban takeover in August 2021, Afghanistan had successfully rebuilt infrastructure to create a functional telecom sector that covered nearly all of the population; due to mountainous geography, country relies on its mobile network; mobile broadband penetration growing, but is still low compared to other countries in Asia; operator launched LTE in Kabul; World Bank and other donors support development of a nationwide fiber backbone; terrestrial cable connectivity to five neighboring countries; work on the 'Wakhan Corridor Fiber Optic Survey Project' to connect to China is nearing completion; major importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE (2021)

domestic: before the Taliban takeover in August 2021, less than 1 per 100 for fixed-line teledensity; 59 per 100 for mobile-cellular; an increasing number of Afghans utilize mobile-cellular phone networks (2021)

international: country code - 93; multiple VSAT's provide international and domestic voice and data connectivity (2019)

Transportation

river port(s): Hairatan, Qizil Qal`ah (Amu Darya)

Military and Security

during the fighting with the Afghan Government, the Taliban's military operations and strategy were directed by a leadership council (Rahbari Shura) led by HAIBATULLAH Akhundzada; Taliban forces were a decentralized guerrilla and militia force of approximately 60-80,000 full-time fighters loosely organized as battalions and brigades with at least one corps headquarters; as of October 2021, the Taliban was still forming an official military structure, although it reportedly had named commanders for 8 regional corps and established a named special forces unit

Terrorism

Haqqani Taliban Network; Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan Province; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Lashkar i Jhangvi; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; al-Qa'ida; al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent; Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T

Transnational Issues

Afghanistan-China: None identified

Afghanistan-Iran: Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought

Afghanistan-Pakistan: Pakistan has built fences in some portions of its border with Afghanistan which remains open in some areas to terrorist and other illegal activities. Their alignments may not always be in conformance with Durand Line and original surveyed definitions of the boundary. Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps and since 2014 have met to discuss collaboration on the Taliban insurgency and counterterrorism efforts.

Afghanistan-Tajikistan: None identified

Afghanistan-Turkmenistan: None identified

Afghanistan-Uzbekistan: None identified. Boundary follows Amu Darya river as delimited in the Afghan-Soviet treaties and not by the river's current course. The boundary was delimited and possibly demarcated during Soviet times (pre-1991). No current negotiations between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan to redelimit the boundary have been identified.

Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries

Tier 3 - Afghanistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government decreased law enforcement efforts against civilian and official perpetrators of trafficking, and officials complicit in recruitment and use of child soldiers and the sexual exploitation of boys continued to operate with impunity; authorities continued to arrest, detain, and penalize many trafficking victims, including punishing sex trafficking victims for "moral crimes"; the judiciary remained underfunded, understaffed, and undertrained (2020)

the world's largest producer of illicit opiates but it is not a major supplier to the United States; 215,000 hectares (ha) of opium poppy cultivated in Afghanistan in 2019; also produces methamphetamine and cannabis products; one of the highest domestic substance abuse rates in the world

(2018)

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Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in increased democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup.

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Landlocked and mountainous, Afghanistan has suffered from such chronic instability and conflict during its modern history that its economy and infrastructure are in ruins, and many of its people are refugees.

The Taliban, who imposed strict Islamic rule following a devastating civil war, were ousted by a US-led invasion in 2001 but have recently been making a comeback.

The internationally-recognised government set up following the adoption of a new constitution in 2004 has struggled to extend its authority beyond the capital and to forge national unity.

Nato-led foreign combat troops had the main responsibility for maintaining security after 2001, and the formal end of Nato's combat mission in December 2014 was followed by an upsurge in Taliban activity.

See Afghanistan in pictures

Read more country profiles - Profiles by BBC Monitoring

FACTS

LEADERS
President: Ashraf Ghani
President Ghani, right, heads a unity government along with former rival and now chief executive Abdullah Abdullah, left. He was sworn in as president in September 2014.

He replaced Hamid Karzai, who led the country for twelve years after the Taliban were overthrown in 2001.

MEDIA

There is a lively private media scene, which includes dozens of TV networks and more than 170 radio stations.

Reporters Without Borders says that journalists and the media are under constant threat from militants, warlords and corrupt officials.

Internet access can be expensive. Facebook tends to be used by younger Afghans and the political elite.

Read full media profile

TIMELINE
Some key dates in Afghanistan's history:
1979 - Soviet Army invades and props up communist government. More than a million people die in the ensuing war.

1989 - Last Soviet troops leave. US- and Pakistan-backed mujahideen push to overthrow Soviet-installed Afghan ruler Najibullah triggers devastating civil war.

1996 - Taliban seize control of Kabul and impose hard-line version of Islam.

2001 - US intervenes militarily following September 11 attacks on the United States. Taliban are ousted from Kabul and Hamid Karzai becomes head of an interim power-sharing government.

2002 - Nato assumes responsibility for maintaining security in Afghanistan.

2004 - Loya Jirga adopts new constitution which provides for strong presidency. Hamid Karzai is elected president.

2014 - Ashraf Ghani elected president. NATO formally ends its combat mission in Afghanistan, handing over to Afghan forces, who face a growing insurgency.

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Landlocked and mountainous, Afghanistan has suffered from such chronic instability and conflict during its modern history that its economy and infrastructure are in ruins, and many of its people are refugees. The Taliban, who imposed strict Islamic rule following a devastating civil war, were ousted by a US-led invasion in 2001 but have recently been making a comeback.

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What did (would) you do during your quarantine?

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What did (would) you do during your quarantine?

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Now, you are free again! What are your plans, goals, dreams for the weekend, next month, or year?

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Now, you are free again! What are your plans, goals, dreams for the weekend, next month, or year?

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How Germany Votes: Everything You Need to Know

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How do German elections work? | CNBC Explains

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German election: Who could succeed Angela Merkel as chancellor?

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Mrs Merkel has dominated German politics for 16 years as chancellor. Her would-be successors have to make their mark before the September federal election. Here is a quick guide to who they are, with an assessment by our correspondent Damien McGuinness, in Berlin, of the chances they have.

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Afghanistan_Lukas

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Die 18. Shell Jugendstudie | Über uns: Shell Energy

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Die 18. Shell Jugendstudie untersucht, wie die Generation der 12- bis 25-Jährigen heute in Deutschland aufwächst. Entdecken Sie mehr.

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Millenials more disillusioned with democracy...

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Millenials more disillusioned with democracy...

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Millennials are more disillusioned with democracy than any generation in living memory, research suggests.

A majority of the world's young people may now be dissatisfied with the political system, according to a study by Cambridge University's Centre for the Future of Democracy.

The research is based on the largest global dataset on democratic legitimacy, which collates the attitudes of more than 4.8 million respondents in 160 countries, between 1973 and 2020.

Economic exclusion, evidenced by high youth unemployment and wealth inequality, was deemed the major cause for increased discontent in developed democracies. In emerging democracies in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and southern Europe, "transition fatigue" was deemed a major factor, as generations come of age who lack memories of authoritarian rule or the struggle for democracy.

An unlikely saviour of democracy emerged, however, in the form of populism - with youth satisfaction in democracy soaring by an average of 16 percentage points during both right and left-wing populists' first terms in office.

The "major exception" to this rule is Donald Trump 's presidency, researchers said.

"This is the first generation in living memory to have a global majority who are dissatisfied with the way democracy works while in their twenties and thirties," said Dr Roberto Foa, lead author of the report from Cambridge's Department of Politics and International Studies.

"By their mid-thirties, 55 per cent of global millennials say they are dissatisfied with democracy, whereas under half of Generation X felt the same way at that age. The majority of baby boomers - now in their sixties and seventies - continue to report satisfaction with democracy, as did the interwar generation."

Generation X is defined as those born between 1965 and 1980, while baby boomers are those born between 1944 and 1964.

In the UK in 1973, for example, 54 per cent of 30-year-olds from the interwar generation reported satisfaction with British democracy. An even larger majority of UK baby boomers felt satisfied on turning 30 a decade later, and for 30-year-old Gen Xers in the 1990s and 2000s it reached 62 per cent.

However, among UK millennials who turned 30 during the past decade, just 48 per cent felt satisfied with British democracy upon reaching that birthday.

The data cannot definitively indicate support or disdain for democratic values, but can surmise how people think their institutions are performing, researchers said.

Respondents may be strong believers in liberal democracy but be dissatisfied with the performance of such institutions in practice - or, alternatively, be satisfied with their government institutions even though they fall well short of accepted democratic standards.

Globally, as the first millennials began university at the turn of the century, satisfaction with democracy was higher than in their parents' generation.

It fell sharply following the financial crisis of 2008, with millennials losing faith harder and faster than older generations.

"Higher debt burdens, lower odds of owning a home, greater challenges in starting a family, and reliance upon inherited wealth rather than hard work and talent to succeed, are all contributors to youth discontent," said Dr Foa.

"Right across the world, we are seeing an ever-widening gap between youth and older generations on how they perceive the functioning of democracy.

"This democratic disconnect is not a given, but the result of democracies failing to deliver outcomes that matter for young people in recent decades, from jobs and life chances to addressing inequality and climate change."

In western democracies, millennials also appear more polarised by politics than their elders.

Some 41 per cent of millennials in such countries agree that you can "tell if a person is good or bad if you know their politics", compared with 30 per cent of voters over the age of 35, according to the research.

Noting that populism tends to eschew pluralism, and paint those holding differing political views as less moral or well-informed, authors also identified a link with youth dissatisfaction with democracy and a rise in populism.

They pointed to studies showing that individuals dissatisfied with democracy are more likely to support populist parties that eschew liberal democratic norms.

But they found that this discontent tended to sharply drop during populists' first two years in office, noting that the most significant boost in positive attitudes towards democracy came from the "populist wave" of the last five years.

They cited sociologist Colin Crouch's suggestion that populist movements - rather than encouraging democratic dissolution - could "suggest a democratic re-awakening", in light of an apparent re-invigoration of participation in democracy by young people backing political outsiders willing to break the mould of established norms

However, populism's longer-term effects on youth democratic contentment are less clear.

"If populism is a healthy corrective to the failures of democratic institutions to address public frustrations and the complacency of political elites, it is a remedy best taken in small doses," according to the report.

Though "populism in power" can temporarily increase youth democratic contentment, once populists are in office for more than two terms, this presages a major democratic legitimacy crisis, the authors said, with youth satisfaction with democracy declining gradually at first, and then "precipitously".

Often populists' promises are too grandiose to be delivered, researchers said, while they can also be hamstrung by institutional resistance,

"Frequently, populists bring this resistance upon themselves, by initiating fights against constraining institutions in the name of 'the will of the people' rather than working to build coalitions," the report said.

This can lead to "populist paralysis", at which point - aware that their popular support is fading - such administrations often start to constrain civil rights and political liberties, the authors said.

"The prevalence of polarising attitudes among millennials may mean advanced democracies remain fertile ground for populist politics," said Dr Foa.

"The populist challenge must shock moderate parties and leaders into action beyond cosmetic rebrands. If it does so, populism may still prompt democracy's rebirth, rather than the onset of its gradual decay."
Additional reporting by PA

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Millennials more disillusioned with democracy than any generation in living memory, research suggests

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Millennials are more disillusioned with democracy than any generation in living memory, research suggests. A majority of the world's young people may now be dissatisfied with the political system, according to a study by Cambridge University's Centre for the Future of Democracy.

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How to Express Your Opinions in English! List of common phrases to express your different points of views in English with ESL pictures. Learn these useful expressions to express opinions in English.

Learn more common phrases to ask somebody's opinion in English.

Expressing Personal Point of View

I bet that ....

I dare say that ...

I gather that ...

In my opinion...

In my experience...

As far as I am concerned, ...

As far as I know...

As far as I understand...

As for me / As to me, ...

As I see it...

From my perspective

From my point of view, ...

I (strongly) believe that...

I am not sure/certain, but...

I am of the opinion that ...

I am sure / I am certain that ...

I'm absolutely convinced...

I am sure/certain/convinced that...

I am under the impression that ...

I believe that...

I guess that ...

I have no doubt that ...

I have the feeling that ...

I hold the opinion/ view that ...

I might be wrong but...

I really feel that...

I suppose

I tend to think that...

I think /consider /find /feel /believe /suppose /presume /assume that ...

I would say that ...

I'd like to point out that...

I'd suggest that

If you ask me...

In my experience...

It goes without saying that ...

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My impression is that ...

My own feeling on the subject is that ...

My view / opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that ...

Personally speaking...

Personally, I think...

The point is that...

To my mind, ...

What I mean is...

I don't know about other people, but I can say...

Three Ways to Give a Personal Opinion

Expressing a Strong Opinion

I bet that ....

I dare say that ...

I'm absolutely convinced that...

I'm sure that...

I strongly believe that...

I have no doubt that...

There's no doubt in my mind that...

...

Expressing a Neutral Opinion

I am not sure/certain, but...

I think...

I feel that...

In my opinion...

In my view...

I tend to think that...

I suppose that...

It seems to me that...

I must admit that I'm not sure...

...

Expressing a Subjective Opinion

In my experience...

I don't know about other people, but I can say...

What I've found is...

As I see it...

If you ask me...

In my experience...

To my mind, ...

As far as I am concerned, ...

As far as I know...

As far as I understand...

As for me / As to me, ...

...

Expressing General Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a general point of view:

Some people say that...

Many/Most people think/believe that...

It is often said that...

It is generally accepted that...

Everybody knows that...

According to scientists...

It is thought that...

Some people say that...

It is considered...

It is generally accepted that...

The research seems to suggest...

Apparently...

I've heard that...

...

Express Opinions in English | POV Image 1 Express Opinions in English | POV Image 2

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How to Express Your Opinions in English! List of common phrases to express your different points of views in English with ESL pictures. Learn these useful expressions to express opinions in English. Learn more common phrases to ask somebody's opinion in English. I bet that .... I dare say that ...

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Writing an email – 18 – English at Work has the words for perfect emails

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portfolio Bedeutung, Definition portfolio: 1. a large, thin case used for carrying drawings, documents, etc. 2. a collection of drawings....

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQsAPEJzkNM

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Drafting stage (starts at 5:25 min.)

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"Rewriting is the essence of writing well: it's where the game is won or lost." -William Zinsser, On Writing Well

What does it really mean to revise, and why is a it a separate step from editing? Look at the parts of the word revise: The prefix re- means again or anew, and - vise comes from the same root as vision-i.e., to see. Thus revising is "re-seeing" your paper in a new way. That is why revising here refers to improving the global structure and content of your paper, its organization and ideas, not grammar, spelling, and punctuation. That comes last.

Logically, we also revise before we edit because revising will most certainly mean adding and deleting and rewriting sentences and often entire paragraphs. And there is no sense in editing text that you are going to cut or editing and then adding material and having to edit again.

Revising is also part of the learning and discovery processdiscussed earlier. As you reread your paper, you may see weaknesses in your argument that need strengthening, and you may thus have to do a little more thinking and research. Or you may have to restructure your paper somewhat to make the argument more logical. Keep your mind open to the possibility of learning in this stage.

You also do not have to revise alone. Not only will your professor look at your paper, but your classmates, colleagues and friends are great resources for getting a fresh, outside look at your work. Be sure to ask them what does work-we all need encouragement, especially as writers-as well as what doesn't.

Continue to step-by-step instructions for revising .

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"Rewriting is the essence of writing well: it's where the game is won or lost." -William Zinsser, On Writing Well What does it really mean to revise, and why is a it a separate step from editing?

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Greta Thunberg to world leaders: 'How dare you? You have stolen my dreams and my childhood'

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The Learning Portal / Le Portail d’Apprentissage

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editing Bedeutung, Definition editing: 1. the process of making changes to a text or film, deciding what will be removed and what will be....

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7 Editing Tips That Are Simple And Beautiful

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Englisch ⇔ Deutsch - leo.org: Startseite

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LEO.org: Ihr Wörterbuch im Internet für ­Englisch-Deutsch­ Übersetzungen, mit Forum, Vokabeltrainer und Sprachkursen. Natürlich auch als App.

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editing Bedeutung, Definition editing: 1. the process of making changes to a text or film, deciding what will be removed and what will be....

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Synonyms for editing from Thesaurus.com, the world’s leading online source for synonyms, antonyms, and more.

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DeepL Übersetzer: Der präziseste Übersetzer der Welt

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Übersetzen Sie Texte und ganze Dateien im Handumdrehen. Präzise Übersetzungen für Einzelnutzer und Teams. Jeden Tag nutzen Millionen von Menschen DeepL.

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Look for the meaning (definition) of the words...

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Look for the meaning (definition) of the words...

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publishing
publication
to publish

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publishing übersetzen: die Herausgabe. Erfahren Sie mehr.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7N524mOf54Y

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Simple Past oder Present Perfect - Übung

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Zeitformen englisch, Simple Past, Present Perfect - Online Übung

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Englisch Test Simple Present und Present Progressive

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Test zum Simple Present and Present Progressive :: Seite Test3

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Hello HBF IT 21

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Shoot these typical mistakes into space 

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Shoot these typical mistakes into space 

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1. What are lucid dreams? Explain (in your own words).
2. What is the song about? Summarize (iyow).
3. How do you like it? Opine (iyow).

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Juice WRLD - Lucid Dreams (Official Music Video)

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Thanks a lot for this interesting piece.

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Thanks a lot for this interesting piece.

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Inception (2010) Official Trailer #1 - Christopher Nolan Movie HD

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1. Why is Polo G a person of interest for you? Explain in your own words (iyow) why he is "special" for you.
2. What is the song about? Summarize it (approx. 6-8 sentences, iyow).
3. Why did you choose this song? Give at least three plausible reasons.
4. You can swap task no. 3 for another task which you find more worthwile to write about.

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How to set SMART goals (e.g. for students)

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How to set SMART goals (e.g. for students)

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How to Set SMART Goals | Goal Setting for Students

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Here are the top New Year's resolutions. Is yours among them?

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What are the various resolutions of the characters?

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Friends' New Year's resolutions (your task)

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Friends' New Year's resolutions (your task)

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Collaborative platform with integrated, engaging, pedagogical activities

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1. Why is Lil Tjay a person of interest for you? Explain in your own words (iyow) why he is "special" for you.
2. What is the song about? Summarize it (approx. 6-8 sentences, iyow).
3. Why did you choose this song? Give at least three plausible reasons.
4. You can swap task no. 3 for another task which you find more worthwile to write about.

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Our SMART goals in 2022 (examples of first drafts)

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Our SMART goals in 2022 (examples of first drafts)

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Collaborative platform with integrated, engaging, pedagogical activities

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1. I think the SMART technique can be helpful in achieving my goals.
2. I think the current version of my goal for 2022 is already pretty SMART.

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Diese Evaluationszielscheibe ist unter folgendem Code erreichbar:

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Cochise - Tell Em ft. $NOT (Official Music Video)