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Olduvai Chopper (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

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Olduvai Chopper (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

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At EARLY PALEOLITHIC
we have the Homo habilis,who were the creators of the world's first archaeological bill - Olduvai (2.5 - 1.3 million years ago), which is characterized primarily by primitive tools: choppers (pebbles with one-sided upholstery), chopping (stones or pebbles, upholstered on both sides , which had a pointed edge), scrapers from chips, chips with several chips, spheroids (upholstered on all sides of round stones used for throwing).

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Homo erectus - the creator of the culture of archanthropes (1.6 - 0.2 million years ago).

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The Acheulean industry arose almost simultaneously with the appearance of Homo erectus c. 2 - 1.5 million years ago. This model of product production is more complex than the pebble chopper industry, which suggests an evolutionary development in the process of making tools. The most characteristic tool is a hand chopper. There are also chipped tools with secondary retouching. These products reflect a higher level of coordination of the eye, brain, master's hand and progress in the ability to plan. Late Acheulean stonemasons invented the "soft" bumper technique, which replaced the bumper stone with a horn, bone, or wood, which allowed for much better control over the manufacturing process and a more perfect product.

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Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis, formerly known by the junior synonym Sinanthropus pekinensis) is a group of fossil specimens of Homo erectus, dated from roughly 750,000 years ago,[1][2] discovered in 1929–37 during excavations at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (at the time spelled Peking), China.

Between 1929 and 1937, 15 partial crania, 11 mandibles, many teeth, some skeletal bones and large numbers of stone tools were discovered in the Lower Cave at Locality 1 of the Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian. Their age is estimated to be between about 750,000 and 300,000 years old.

Most of the early studies of these fossils were conducted by Davidson Black until his death in 1934. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin took over until Franz Weidenreich replaced him and studied the fossils until he left China in 1941. The original fossils inexplicably disappeared in 1941, but excellent casts and descriptions remain.

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Locality 1, also known as Peking Man Site, was the first to be discovered in 1921 under the direction of local quarry men. The site was originally a natural limestone cave although the roof had long since collapsed spreading a layer of breccia and rubble across the top of the deposits. Early excavations in 1921 and 1923 revealed evidence of human habitation from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago. The cave was excavated from 1927-37 yielding 200 human fossils (from 40 individuals) identified as Homo erectus, more than 10,000 pieces of stoneware, several cinder layers indicating fire use in early man, as well as animal fossils from 200 separate species. Tragically the bulk of this material was lost in 1941 during the Japanese Occupation and has never been recovered. Excavations recommenced in 1949 and continued to yield fossils and artefacts making this site one of the most fruitful sources of material from the Middle Pleistocene era.[29][30][31]

A total of 13 layers have been excavated at the site to a depth of nearly 40 m.

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Tools are represented by roughly upholstered choppers or chisel-shaped tools made of quartzite, sandstone and cornea. There are also real nuclei - stone gills, from which chips and plates were chipped, which had very sharp blades and were used as knives. In addition to guns, powerful lenses of ash and coal were found from fires left in ancient times. The fires were burning, apparently, continuously, because synanthropes have not yet been able to artificially produce fire. Proof of this is the thickness of one of the "ashtrays", which has a capacity of 6 meters.

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•30 monuments belong to the early Paleolithic (1 million - 40-35 thousand years ago).
•Among the objects of the Acheulean time located in Ukraine, the Queen's parking lot in Transcarpathia is unique. Important information about this period is also provided by parking lots from other regions of modern Ukraine - Luka Vrublivetska (near Kamianets-Podilskyi on the Dniester), Labushne (Odesa region), Amvrosiivka (Donbass), Bodrak (Crimea), etc.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF ASHELL'S TIME IN UKRAINE

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF ASHELL'S TIME IN UKRAINE

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•Transcarpathia
•Dniester basin
•Polissya
•Seversky Donets Basin
•Donetsk region
•Queens, Rocos
•Luka-Vrublivetska,
• Sokil
•Zhytomyr
• Raisins
•Amvrosiyivka

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Paleolithic artefacts excavated in Amvrosiivka

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Paleolithic artefacts excavated in Amvrosiivka

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It was discovered in 1935 near the city of Amvrosievka in the Donetsk region, on the right bank of the Krynka River by archaeologist V. M. Evseev. Archaeologists excavated in 1935, 1940, 1949 and 1950. When parked, the bone contains bones of the order of 1000 bison (Bison priscus). At the Ambrosievsky parking lot, bone tips of copies and flint inserts in tips were found. A total of 15,000 different flint items were found.

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Знаряддя_з_Амвросіївської_стоянки

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Disc-shaped tools of the Mousterian time. Levallois, France

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Disc-shaped tools of the Mousterian time. Levallois, France

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The material culture of the Neanderthals is called Mousterian (from the Le Moustier site in France). Most Mousterian tools are made in the technique of prepared nucleus. Initially, the master received a blank from the nucleus - a standardized chip, which could be decorated with tools. These products performed narrowly specialized functions, in contrast to multifunctional choppers and hand choppers. In addition to the already known tools, new ones are appearing: points, punches, cutters, drills, scrapers, knives and gears.

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Middle Paleolithic flint processing technique:

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Middle Paleolithic flint processing technique:

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disc-shaped nucleus (1) and triangular chips from it (2-4), from which are made unilateral pointed tip (2) and scraper (3), as well as bilaterally processed pointed tip (4). Levallois tortoise-type nucleus (5) and chips from it (6). Levallois nuclei for wisteria (10.11) and chips from them (7-9).

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Monuments of the Middle Paleolithic in Ukraine 

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Monuments of the Middle Paleolithic in Ukraine 

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Transcarpathia: Rokosovo, Koroleve, Cherna
•Dniester basin: Molodove, Bukivna, Kasperivtsi, Korman, Khotyn, Stinka, etc .;
•Polissya: Rykhta, Zhytomyr
•Dnieper basin: Romankove, Kodak, Orel, etc.
•Seversky Donets Basin: Zvanivka, Chervonyi Yar, Derkul
•Crimea: Kiyik-Koba, Shaitan-Koba, Chokurcha, Starosillya, Vovchy Grot, etc.

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It is 25 km east of Simferopol, 7 km south of the village. Zui. In the cave at a shallow depth explored 2 cultural layers of the Mousterian time. Remains of an adult's limbs and teeth, as well as a child's skeleton, were found in the upper layer. The stone artefacts industry is very rich, including chisels, scrapers, tips and sharps. The famous archaeologist GA Bonch-Osmolovsky conducted excavations here in 1924-1925. The materials date back to Rhys-Wurm time, although a later age is possible.

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Lamellar stone processing technique.
•Plates made of nucleus.
•Late Paleolithic tools. Dolni Vestovice, Moravia.

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LATE PALEOLITHIC MONUMENTS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE

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LATE PALEOLITHIC MONUMENTS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE