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Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823) addresses Native American landownership and transfers. It conveys how harmful the "Doctrine of Discovery" was and is.

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Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823) addresses Native American landownership and transfers. It conveys how harmful the "Doctrine of Discovery" was and is.

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) defined the Cherokee nations as a "domestic dependent nation" but classified the relationship between the tribes and the U.S. government as a ward and their guardian. This meant that the govt could control and manage native lands, but must also fulfill their treaty obligations to meet the needs of the tribes.

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) defined the Cherokee nations as a "domestic dependent nation" but classified the relationship between the tribes and the U.S. government as a ward and their guardian. This meant that the govt could control and manage native lands, but must also fulfill their treaty obligations to meet the needs of the tribes.

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Worcester v. Georgia (1832) reinforced the tribes' relationship with the federal government. It questioned whether or not the Georgia state government could "regulate intercourse between citizens of its state and members of the Cherokee nation." The Court ruled that Georgia did not have this right.

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Worcester v. Georgia (1832) reinforced the tribes' relationship with the federal government. It questioned whether or not the Georgia state government could "regulate intercourse between citizens of its state and members of the Cherokee nation." The Court ruled that Georgia did not have this right.

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This movement was primarily about securing and maintaining Native people's right to vote.  This also included citizenship within the U.S. and the protection of tribal sovereignty. The Native American Rights movement also focuses on economic, educational, and environmental justice.

Some goals of this movement included receiving the right to vote, preserving sacred sites and artifacts, monetary benefits from casinos that currently only benefit non-natives and corporations, facing several public health challenges (such as accessibility to care, drug abuse, etc.), and increasing access to secondary and higher education.

This movement is trying to achieve equity for Indigenous people, not just equality.

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American Indian Movement was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1968. The founders included Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, Eddie Benton Banai, and George Mitchell. They believed and prioritized militant confrontation with the U.S. government.

Bureau of Indian Education oversees 183 elementary and secondary schools, 53 of which are operated by the BIE. The other schools are run tribally under "Indian Self-determination Contracts.  https://www.bie.edu/

National Congress of American Indians was the nation's first large-scale national organization. It was designed to monitor federal policies and
was founded in 1944.

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J.E. Luebering J.E. Luebering is Vice President, Editorial at Encyclopaedia Britannica.

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American Indian Movement (AIM) | History, Goals, Significance, & Facts

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The American Indian Movement, also known as AIM, is a Native American civil rights organization founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1968. Its goals came to encompass the entire spectrum of Native demands, such as the revitalization of traditional culture, autonomy over tribal areas, and the restoration of lands.

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Although Native Americans have been fighting for their rights since the first colonists arrived, the collective "Native American Rights movement" largely began in 1968 with the foundation of the American Indian Movement.

This movement is still continuing today.
1924-Indian Citizenship Act (extended US citizenship to all Native Americans, but did not extend voting rights)
1962-Utah is the final state to grant voting rights to Native Americans
1968-American Indian Movement is founded
1973-Wounded Knee (a protest/occupation/massacre that resulted from a standoff between AIM and the federal government)
1978-American Indian Religious Freedom Act (aimed to preserve and protect the rights of Native American sacred land, artifacts, and accessibility to both)

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This movement was relevant to all Native Americans across the United States. One of the most notable events of the American Indian Movement, Wounded Knee, took place at the Pine Ridge Reservation.

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This movement started because of the injustice that Indigenous people have faced since the first Anglo-Saxon settlers. These atrocities include, but are definitely not limited to, the Indian Removal Act (and consequent Trail of Tears), repeated redistribution and stripping of land, attempts at the elimination of Native culture, Christian conversion, discrimination and segregation, use of sacred or reservation land for drilling/mining, and more.

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State governments have historically been reluctant to award Native Americans rights, as evidenced by the amount of time it took for Natives to gain voting rights. The Supreme Court, however, has ruled in favor of tribal sovereignty and landownership for Native Americans a couple of times.

Relevant court cases can be seen to the right.

While this movement is still ongoing, it has not been as successful as you may hope. Even today, Native Americans face inaccessibility to medical care, voting restrictions, poverty, and other long-term issues.

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California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (1987) protected Native American's right to establish and run casinos on their land. This is beneficial as it allows for economic opportunities. 

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California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (1987) protected Native American's right to establish and run casinos on their land. This is beneficial as it allows for economic opportunities. 

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"Native American Rights." Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2021. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC3010999154/OVIC?u=avon12&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=94f55a23. Accessed 24 Jan. 2022.

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Native American Civil Rights History Timeline

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Native American Civil Rights History Timeline

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1896-1978

The Supreme Court decision of Plessy v. Ferguson began its long "Jim Crow" career of "separate-but-equal" in South Carolina which perpetuated segregation even for Native American Indian communities and the notion that Native American Indians were second class citizens.

In 1924 that the federal government officially classified American Indians as "citizens" and were given the right to vote in National elections. This was done after Native American Indian had already fought in three wars for the United States of America.

Indian Reorganization Act

US Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act. This new policy sought to protect American Indians from loss of their lands and provided funds for economic development. It also helped reestablish tribal governments.

About 100 Indian people met to create the nation's first large-scale national organization, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) . This organization was designed to monitor federal policies. Today, over 250 member tribes work to secure the rights and benefits to which they are entitled; to enlighten the public toward the better understanding of Indian people; to preserve rights under Indian treaties or agreements with the United States; and to promote the common welfare of the American Indians and Alaska Natives.

During the 1950s, more than 100 tribes were legally terminated, land assets were lost, thousands of Indians were relocated by the Federal programs to the culture shock of the urban slums and tribal governments were generally weakened. It was during this time that the Catawba Indians of South Carolina were terminated as a federal Indian Tribe.

The Catawbas had been recognized by Congress in 1848 and 1854, yet they were looked upon as a "State Indian Tribe." This decision was not rescinded until recently when they won a land claim and once again became a Federal Tribe with Treaty status. They had fought this land claim since 1904.

The Indian Education Act authorized funding for special bilingual and bicultural programs, culturally relevant teaching materials,and appropriate training and hiring of counselors. It also created an Office of Indian Education in the US Department of Education.

Today the mission of the Office of Indian Education is to support the efforts of local educational agencies, Indian tribes and organizations, postsecondary institutions, and other entities to meet the unique educational and culturally related academic needs of American Indians and Alaska Natives so that these students can achieve to the same challenging state standards as all students.

The Longest Walk was major national protest event that began in San Francisco where a group of American Indians set out for Washington, DC, to symbolize the forced removal of Indians from their ancestral homes. They also wanted draw attention to the growing governmental and public backlash against efforts to protect Indian treaty rights and Native Peoples.

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Native American Civil Rights Timeline | Road Trip | Knowitall.org

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This timeline covers Native American civil rights events in South Carolina and in the Unites States.