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Stagecoaches - A horse- draw vehicles

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Mill
Origin

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Luke the Mango Who is Friends with Adam who rides bicycles

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Luke the Mango Who is Friends with Adam who rides bicycles

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ramrod

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feedlot: A place where animals are fed so they get really fat

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Cannon Loading Ramrod- c. 1812-1814, View 2

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Cannon Loading Ramrod- c. 1812-1814, View 2

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Brand: marking an animal with a branding iron

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ramrod

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silage
leafs,and stems of corn plants

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White Blazes: A white strip along an animals face.

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Subsidizing- Support Financially

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Pen- home to cattle
root- it means to ¨hang¨ thats weird

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Densely - Crowed

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Rumen-
1st stomach of a ruminant which receives food from the esophagus
Root origin- The  throat; 1728

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rumen-
Origin: Latin for throat.
Definition: A ruminant's first stomach that receives food and partially digests it.

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Ramrod: force a purposed measure to be accepted.

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vocab: ruminant
origin: Latin
definition: Animals that chew cud.

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Biology notes for O level with Questions

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Cellulose make up the plant cell wall.

Animals which depend on material e.g. leaves, wood have to digest cellulose in order to release the cell contents required for the nutrition of the animals. The enzyme which digest cellulose is called cellulase and it is not produced by most animals. Some micro organisms take bacteria and protozoans can produce cellulase. However animals which digest cellulose contain micro organisms in their gut which produce cellulose enzyme. This is a symbiotic relationship.
CELLULOSE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
Ruminants are animals which chew the cud. Cud is un chewed grass taken into the rumen which is returned to the mouth for chewing (regurgitation). Examples include Goats, Sheep, Cattle, Antelopes and Buffalos. They have a complicated stomach consisting of four chambers.
Diagram showing the stomach and movement of food
Mouth. There is no enzyme secretion in the mouth so only mastication and

Softening of food occurs. Movement of food in the oesophagus is by Peristalsis.

Rumen. This is the largest component of the stomach where food is stored temporarily before returning to the mouth for chewing. The food is return to the mouth by anti peristalsis. The ruminant then lies down quietly and chews the cud. When the food is sufficiently chewed it is swallowed and passed into the reticulum.

Reticulum. Bacteria action continues.

It also separates finely ground material from course ones and then retains and hard pieces of wood.

Omasum. Consists of parallel leaf like compartments with rough surfaces. The food is ground finely.

Absorption of water takes place at this region

Abomasum. Also called the true stomach.

Enzymatic action of proteins takes place here.

Beyond this point digestion takes place like in man.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RUMINANTS AND NON RUMINANTS.

RUMINANTS

NONRUMINANTS

1) Have a four chambered stomach

2) Chew cud

3) Ptyalin is absent in the saliva

4) Most digestion and absorption takes place in the stomach

5) Can digest cellulose with the help of cellulose from bacteria

1) Have a single stomach

2) Do not chew cud

3) Ptyalin is present in saliva

4) Most digestion and absorption takes place in the ileum

5) Cannot digest cellulose

Other animals like termites eat wood, dry leaves etc which also contain cellulose. The digestion of cellulose in termites is also done by cellulase enzyme produced by protozoans which live symbiotically with the termites. The products of cellulose digestion may be glucose or acetic acid in other animals.

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CELLULOSE DIGESTION Cellulose make up the plant cell wall. Animals which depend on material e.g. leaves, wood have to digest cellulose in order to release the cell contents required for the nutrition of the animals. The enzyme which digest cellulose is called cellulase and it is not produced by most animals.

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Ramrod
Origin - First recorded in 1750-1760
A rod made for pushing down the charge for a firearm or cannon

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Silage:
Sile
Stems and leaves of Corn plants

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Subsidy
Origin:Latin
Definition: a sum of money granted by the government

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Silage: Grass that

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Ruminant
Adjective
An animal that has more than 1 stomach chamber

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Urea- a colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted threw urine. ( basically fed to cows that make them fatter.)

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Rumen- Is the first stomach of ruminant it receives food
Origin/root-

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Silage (English origin): Grass compactly stored in a silo used as a food source for animals in winter.

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Vocab: Pastures
Definition : a grass field

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Feedlot
Origin: 1885-90
Definition- A place where livestock eat to be fattened for the  slaughterhouse.

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Ramrod
First originated in 1750~1760, first used as 'a rod used in ramming'
A rod used for cleaing the barrow of a fire arm.

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Ramrod
First used in the 19th century
A metal or a wooden device used with early fire weapons to push the projectile up against propellant.

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ramrod
First recorded in 1750-1760
a rod used to ram down the muzzle of a firearm

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Alfalfa- a plant with clover leaves and blue-colored flowers

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Angus - (n.) A type of cattle that is commonly used in beef production

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pasture-
definition:grass land
word origin:Latin,old french.

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subsidizing; verb
to get support from the government financially.

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N. manure
Old French word
def: an animal's pooped used for fertilizer.

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Vocab. term
Root/origin
Definition
IMAGE