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In an academic situation, you will do a lot of your reading with a specific essay question in mind. When you are taking notes for a specific essay, it is a good idea to plan your research questions. This will help you to think about the questions you need to answer and make your reading and note taking more focused.

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The tone of a text can help you to identify and understand the writer`s opinion. This is important if you plan to use the reading in an essay because it will give you an idea whether the writer is for or against a certain position. The author`s opinion is aften indicated by certain fixed phrases, and the author`s choice of adjectives and adverbs.

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Taking notes in your own is important. It will help you avoid potential plagiarism. If you take notes fro a text using the some words, then repeat them in a essay, you coud be plagiarizing by accident. Also, writing noes in your own word helps you understand what you are writing about, rather than just copying what you read.

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Mark Zuckerberg was talented programmer. He had a vision for connecting people online.
Mark Zuckerberg, a talented programmer, had a vision...
Talented programmer Mark Zuckerberg, had a vision..

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OBJECTS AND IDEAS:
It, this, these, those, that, there, its

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PEOPLE:
He, she, we, you, they, who, them, my, your, her, his our, their, me, him, her, his, our.

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When you describe people and events in the past, combine facts and dates in different ways to add variety and interest to your sentences. For example, you can identify people in several ways.

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Synonyms are words or phrases that have similar meanings.Writers often use synonyms to avoid averusing words in the text. Often , an, important word is explained, defined, or repeatedas a synonyms. If you can`t find a synonyms, try to guess its meaning from context. Sometimes, you will need to look up the word in a dictionary.

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Texts about science often examine the reasons (or causes) why something happens and what happens as a resulr (or effects). These causes and effects are usually clearly indicated by signal words such as because, because of, cause, due to, a reason, result in. For example:
His experiments resulted in (cause) a thick, cloudy liquid. (effect)

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a) To identift the main ideas of a text, first look at the title, introduction, and any headings.
b) These will give you clues about the topic and the main idea.
c) Then skim quickly over each section, oaying particular attention to the first sentences.
d)  Make a note of the main ideas and look back at these notes after you have read the text again.

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Pronouns are used instead of repeating the same word many times. They commonly refer backward to a name or idea, but they can also refer forward. It is important to understand which  idea the pronouns refers to in order to fully understand the text. These are some of the most commonly used pronouns.

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Summarizing is giving a brief statement of the most important points of a text. As you read, highlight or underline the main points of the text. Then use the information to write a summary. Even when you are just writing a summary for you notes, you should use your own words to avoid potentially plagiazing the text if you decide to use ir in an assignament later.

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Creatinga text plan as you read can make it much easier to navigate a text.
When you skim read, you are looking for the general meaning of the whole text and of individual paragraph. To create a text plan, note the generl meaningof each paragraph the first time you read, and then decide which paragraph can be grouped together.

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When you read a factual article, look for definitions of topic-specific vocabuary you are not familiar with. A signal can be a word or phrase, such as or, in other words, or that is or punctuation, such as a comma, parentheses, or dashes.
Kathryn had found a supernov, or an exploding star.

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You can organize your notes with a map showing relationship between the main ideas. Skim the text and write down a phrase that summarizes each main idea. Leave room between each idea. Draw a box around each one. Then as you read more closely, add supporting details to your map. Write them around each main idea and drow boxes around them. Then draw lines to connect details to the main idea.

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Skim reading is a useful skill to learn when you are preparing for academic study. You are likely to hace a lot of texts to read, a lot of research to do, and not enough time to read everything ona topic. It is therefore often important to decide whether is worth reading a text in greater detail. You can do this bt skimmming a text quickly to identify the main ideas using headings, sub-headings, and topic sentences to help give you a bigger picture.

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A well-balanced text presents more than one side of an issue. Even if the author is biased they will often present apposing arguments to make the text appear neutral.

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These paragraph group together all the arguments on one side of an issue.

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These paragraph present examples and other information to support arguments or to give context to the topic.

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These paragraphs give real, true information rather than opinion, argument, or speculation. Authors often establish the facts of a situation begore presenting opinion, argument, or speculation.

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Authors often group the most important figures and statistics together in one paragraph.

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This is the first paragraph in which a new idea is mentioned.

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Usually different parts of a text perform different functions. Identifying the purpose of different parts of a text can help you recognize the structure and understand its overall purpose. Some common funtions are listed below.

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IDENTIFYING THE PURPOSE OF PARTS OF A TEXT.

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IDENTIFYING THE PURPOSE OF PARTS OF A TEXT.

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Scanning is a technique used when you are looking for specific information. it is important for you to practice this skill as academic reading is usually for a specific purpose such as answering an essay question. This skill will help you find information more quickly.

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Previewing key parts of a text before you read makes it easier for you to understand its main ideas. Look at the pictures, read the title, introduction, and any headings in the text, and skim over the passage. Then think about the topic and what you already know about it. When you have a sense of what the text is about before you read, you should be able to understans and remember it better.