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Importance/Necessary Information for a strategic estimate

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Importance/Necessary Information for a strategic estimate

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Kristen and Matt

What is a Strategic Estimate?

With a simple football game, having a game plan is essential. As a coach or player, one needs to review film on their opponent to learn their weaknesses and strengths, who their best players are and what their tendencies are. It is just as essential for that same game plan to take place when organizing a nonviolent movement.

That “Strategic Estimate” works in that same way and is just as essential. Gathering intelligence on the opponent, learning the background not just of the specific opponent, but the general conflict situation. The strategic estimate looks into who else is suffering from the same cause, third parties whether they be friendly or not, and dependency balances.

Relating to Cesar Chavez

Cesar Chavez is a great example of a leader who used a strategic estimate in order for success. Chavez used a strategic estimate in the Delano Grape Strike. Chavez determined that the best way for success with his strike was to get his supporters all to use non-violence while striking no matter how long and tough it may seem to complete.

Chavez strategically determined that consumers would feel guilty about the farm workers struggles and how they proceeded non-violently. Ultimately Chavez’s movement gained national attention and supporters from all around the world. By Chavez making this strategic estimate, he ultimately became very successful with his movement due to his efforts of strategically preparing for the strike.

Overall, a strategic estimate is extremely important for a number of reasons to any cause. It is not necessarily just the quality or the quantity of information gathered to make the estimate accurate. It has to be the right blend of both. A battle against a government may require a much more specific strategic estimate as compared to a smaller opponent.

Sharp, Gene. Waging nonviolent struggle: 20th century practice and 21st century potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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Noesha

Grape Workers Strike & Boycott
- California farm workers were defeated through brutality and manipulation in the 60's (Sharp 173).
- workers faced "abject poverty, displacement, homelessness, and extreme economic exploitation (Sharp 173).
-Grape workers paid less than Braceros.

Terrain and geography
-the general conflict took place on the farmland, grocery storefronts, distributors, across California.

Transportation
- workers marched across California (Sharp 179)
- Foremen drove trucks at picket lines, making dust clouds
(Sharp 175).

Communications
- a decree outlawed the use of the words "huela" or "strike". (Sharp 176)
- the media was a huge source in projecting the intensity of boycott to the rest of society.
- press conferences; radio

Climate and Weather
- long working hours; little water, hot climate

Political system and governing regime

-Digorgio court injunction limiting number of pickets that could appear at its Delano farm. (Sharp 180).

Economic system
- seasonal workers were underpaid and exploited by farm owners. (Lecture 10b)
- economic boycott was working as value of grapes went down
- "work slowdowns"/ planes de Tortuga (Sharp 180).

Judicial system
Population strata
Control of economic resources and life support
-Growers had much control of workers living conditions (Sharp 174).
- Oakland longshoremen left 1,000 10-ton crates of grapes to rott on the piers. (Sharp 178).
- "The NFWA soon held a contract whereby Schenley workers gained a 35c/hour raise" (Sharp 179).

Status of civil society
- negative publicity amongst society from boycott (Sharp 178).
- student volunteers trained and sent to boycott on 6 Giumarra labels (Sharp 182).
- Giumarra: mislabeling campaign caused confusion amongst consumers (Sharp 182).
-some supermarkets stopped buying grapes in fear of being boycotted (Sharp 183).

Sharp, Gene. Waging nonviolent struggle: 20th century practice and 21st century potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books. 2007.

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4. The nonviolent struggle group (and the wider grievance group

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4. The nonviolent struggle group (and the wider grievance group

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Ashley and Kristen

- Cesar Chavez promised to fast, unless the union would step away from violent actions and recommit to non-violent protest.

-Rallies grew, consequently not only did non-violent protest increase, but money market also stoped carrying grapes as a result.

-The National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) decided to work together as a group to strike against 48 different farms across the California land. The head leader of these strikes was César Chávez.

-The Grape boycott was a major group that helped efforts for the nonviolent struggle group. The men in the loading docks came together to agree not to load the Delano grapes in efforts for Chavez's movement.

-Later on, there was a nonviolent march from Delano to Sacramento to the California State House.

-In the summer of 1966, The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee was established. In the 70's negotiations were initiated with UFWOC. Workers were rehired with benefits and better financial standing. The following won rights for California Farm workers.

Sharp, Gene. Waging nonviolent struggle: 20th century practice and 21st century potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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Angelee Walker

Fully knowing your opponent is crucial.
Cesar Chavez faced the Table  Grape Industry, Schenley Industries DiGiorgio Corporation , Guimarra, and Bracero Program.

What is their political system?
Right wing political system (180).

-Despite Chavez's efforts to remain peaceful, and non-violent he was still facing immense backlash from prominent political figures in the community (176).

Chavez had to deal with political discrepancy.

“the election was rigged for a Teamster victory. They called for a boycott of the elections” (180)

What is their social and cultural system?
The opponent group were a series of businesses that profited from exploiting immigrant workers and had no need to care about worker's rights.

What is their economic system?
Capitalism. Profiting from exploiting foreign workers.

Are they together or independent of each other? Dependent on the political, social, and economic systems of the potential nonviolent struggle group?
-  Yes. Exploiting Immigrant workers meant cheaper wages. The Bracero Program were a series of laws that allowed this to happen. Overall, the Opponent group are dependent on the systems because without such support, they would not be able to fight back.

To what degree are these respective systems controlled by the State structure?
States have laws, thus the systems are controlled quite a lot.

What is the nature and importance of any religious, moral, ideological, or other doctrinal beliefs and commitments of the opponent group?
-Money and profit is a centered ideology for the Opponent group.

Many of the farmer's were Roman-Catholic and even churches supported the Opponent Group.
- "Mothers Against Chavez" (177)

What are the demographics of the opponent group?
-White, old, men thinking they own everything.

What is the degree of support for the opponent group's system or regime among the general population and instituitions?
-Labor laws weren't enforced during this time.

“Safeway, the West Coast’s largest grocery [184] chain, started ‘Freedom to Work’ committees, which argued the case for nonunionization and denounced Chávez as a Marxist and a fraud….$2 million campaign…to promote grape consumption under the idea of ‘consumer rights’…health benefit of grapes, and bumper stickers…‘Eat California Grapes, the Forbidden Fruit!’” (185)

What is the ideological situation?
Immigrants are not American so why should they get paid the same as Americans?

To what degree does the opponent group rely on each of it's potential sources of power?
-Authority of legitimacy: relies on sources of violence or force
-Human resources:  police, not paying workers= they can't support their families, etc.
-Particular skills of knowledge: Some laws on their side. More brute than knowledge utilized.
-Psychological or ideological factors:  foreign workers should be happy with low wages since they are not from this country!
-Material resources: Money
-Ability to apply sanctions: Police and strong political figures.

Pillars of support that supply needed sources of power:
-Police, Prisons, Media, Businesses

Extent of pillars of support
influences:
Businesses can get police to put protesters in prisons and the media can project how horrendous the protesters are.

Internal/External allies:
Local clergymen, farm foreman, police, laws, security guards, unionized branches of businesses.

"Natural allies" ?
Right wing political figures, businesses, farmers, pro unions.

- “Ronald Reagan directed the Board of Agriculture to launch a public relations campaign aimed at discrediting the boycott” (185)

- “campaigning for president, Richard Nixon called the boycott ‘illegal’…As president, Nixon went on to quadruple table grape shipments to U.S. troops in Vietnam” (185)

"Natural enemies"?
Activists, immigrant workers, organizations that don't want unions, organizations that support human rights (NFWA, UFW, etc)

Potential/Actual support or sympathy for nonviolent struggle group?
-College students and media exposure (176-177). John F. Kennedy supported the strike.

“Student volunteers, as well as 50 strikers, were trained and sent to a handful of cities nationwide to call for a boycott on six Giumarra labels.”(182)

Chávez planned to give a talk in Berkeley, California, to a group of student activists” (176)

- “$6,700 and attracting national media attention and volunteers” (177)

“By some strange chemistry, every time the opposition commits an unjust act against our hopes and aspirations, we get tenfold paid back in benefits.” (177)

Organizational structure?
Not very organized as Opponent group depended on support rather then their own power to implement changes.

Military capacity?
If protests got violent, military could be utilized.

Police capacity?

- “Police also arrested picketers and the ultra right-wing John Birch Society started to organize counter-protests as well.” (180).

-“Hired security guards joined the campaign of intimidation and fired shotguns” (175)

-“The farm foremen were furious about the strike and beat the pickets while the police stood by and watched.” (175)

-Both Clergymen David Havens, and local Sheriff Roy Galyen did their best to cease the protest. Specifically, Sheriff Galyen who issued a decree outlawing the word "huelga"  ( 176).

What intelligence organizations does the group have at disposal?
Had court power and money.

“The grocery stores responded by obtaining court injunctions against mass picketing” (184)

Level or strategic skill?
Smart, but foolish as this just gave the protesters more power.

“We just totally disrupted all of these stores and we were a pain” (184)

Competent leadership?
No, The protesters were able to excel even through the violence being used against them.

Cesar Chávez reacted by, "continually urging people to remain nonviolent” (175)

Even after the protests subsided, the opponent group underestimated Cezar Chavez's goals, and didn't see the boycott at the shipping and distribution centers coming. (180)

Nonmilitary control?
Police, security guards, farmer foreman, election rigging.

Political fissures, internal conflicts, and other weaknesses?
Underestimated protesters and also as protesters power grew, the need for human rights policies also grew.

Normal support but may be targeted for transfer of loyalties for organizational destruction?
Media that supported antistrike.

Leadership is disputed or contested from within, through rivalries, power struggles, and other reasons?
Grape businesses have to compete with each other to lower prices, so people would buy grapes. Boycotted farms had to utilize other label names.

Other vulnerabilities and weaknesses?
-They struggled with the usage of violence to achieve their goals.
-Also struggled economically.

“Giumarra responded…to ship its products under 100 different labels used by other, nonboycotted farms. This mislabeling campaign caused widespread confusion among consumers” (182)

“Some supermarket chains also ceased buying grapes out of fear of secondary boycotts against them.” (183)

Sources:
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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Brandon
Braceros (Sharp 174)
- Mexican strike breakers
AWOC (Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee) (Sharp 174)
-many underpaid workers afilliated
-AWOC helped several farm workers stage a walkout
-LArry Itliong was the AWOC organizer for the strike
NFWA (National Farm Workers Association) (Sharp 174)
-Mexican-based
-Cesar Chavez was the leader and he introduced the non-violent struggle that lie ahead at a conference of 1,500 AWOC and NFWA members on Sept. 16th, AWOC and NFWA form alliance
The Media (Sharp 176)
-the media recorded protestors getting arrested and that would allow their protest issue to resonate throughout the state and give them more attention just as Chavez was hoping for
Student Activists (Sharp 176-177)
-Chavez gave a talk to student activists on the same day that the demonstrators were gettting arrested and raised up to $6700 in contributions and attracted national media and volunteers to his cause
Volunteers ( Sharp 177)
-students, church reps., civil rights activists and members of urban labor unions
-growers began to realize the power of the movement when all the volunteers showed up in the Delano picket lines
Mothers Against Chavez and Citizens For Facts (Sharp 177)
-groups created by the growers who were being "oppressed" by the farm workers
-counterpicketed, wasnt favored by the public
Longshoremen (Sharp 178)
-controlled the import and exports at the docks and agreed to not load the Delano grapes to Oakland, leaving 1,000 10-ton crates of grapes to rot on the pier in favor of Chavez and the laborers' movement
-their actions led to boycott
Teamsters, International Longshoremen's, and Warehousemmen's Union (Sharp   178)
-refused to ship grapes fr a brief time
Railway men (Sharp 178)
-diverted shipments of grapes and left them rotting in the sun
Submarinos (Sharp 179)
-network of informants developed by the farm workers who kept the farm workers abreast of company shipments and plans so they could picket whatever was coming or going.
Senate Subcommittee on Migratory Labor (Sharp 179)
-3 days of public hearings 03/14/1966
-hearings brought national attention to arrests and anti-union tactics and legitimized the farm workers cause
American Arbitration Committee(Sharp 181)
-investigated the elections

Source:
Sharp, Gene. Waging nonviolent struggle: 20th century practice and 21st century potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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Brandon White
Referring to which of the two sides are dependent of the other and to what degree (540)
The Growers were dependent on the workers because they needed them to work in the fields and keep their harvests going to keep their business up, however there were still people working in the fields while the strike was commenced so its not like their business was 100% dependent on those who striked
The Laborers were dependent on the growers because they needed the wage increases and the growers, their walkout and strikes were primarily in an effort to better the wage conditions for the laborers so everything they did was to get the growers to cooperate, they needed the growers to give in and cooperate with them for those increased wages

Source:
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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2. The issues and objectives of the contending groups

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2. The issues and objectives of the contending groups

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Bryanna

Statements declared by both sides and other sources.
Different objectives of both sides
did they line up?
the fundamental beliefs each side believed in.

The workers and farmers had drastically different objectives in this fight. The workers wanted to be payed and treated better. The farmers didn't want to give it to them because they were meant to be cheap labor.

Delano-area table and wine grape growers vs. Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee

Agricultural Workers: wanted minimum wage. To achieve this they organized a walk-out.
-César Chávez and the National Farm Workers Association was called in to help.
-Protests never exceeded over half of the 2000 workers on the struck farms (lecture 10b)
-many workers did not participate because they feared violence by the farm foremen.

Larger opponent—the table grape industry (Giumarra Corporation)
grocery chains
governmental figures; such as police and Richard Nixon were         against the boycott. (pp, 10b, slide 38)
Mother's Against Chávez and Citizens for Facts counter picketed (lecture 10b)
- Mother's and Citizens cast the the growers, the owners, as underdogs who are oppressed by the farm worker's movement (lecture 10b)
-they were cheap and didn't want to pay the immigrant workers

- after five days of their workers walking out the bosses shut off electricity at the workers camp, barricaded families inside of their shack
- the bosses also started recruiting Mexican strikebreakers or braceros or scabs (lecture 10b)

Workers
-Grape pickers in 1965 were making an average of 90 cents an hour, plus 10 cents per ‘lug’ (basket) picked” ("UFW")
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/americanlaborcrises/labor-crises/1965-grape-boycott

-According to Brown, Huerta had built strong boycott committees in neighborhoods where union membership was high and volunteers were plentiful, enthusiastic, and committed to stopping the sale of grapes in nearby stores. "Once [these individual A&P markets] started to capitulate," Brown explained, "[Dolores] wouldn't call off the picket lines until they agreed to take [grapes] off the entire division [of A&P markets]."

-Gilbert Padilla and Dolores Huerta, two of the most important leaders of the movement, established an effective boycott of Schenley Company's wine and liquor by appealing to people they knew in the labor unions in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Padilla recalled, "I went to the Central Labor Council, the restaurant and hotel labor union, the auto workers union; you name the union, we went to them."

. -Huerta described her strategy in a letter to Delano headquarters:

"In each of the five boroughs, we organized neighborhood coalitions of church, labor, liberal and student groups. Then we began picketing A&P, the biggest chain in the city. For several months we had picket lines on about 25 to 30 stores and turned thousands of shoppers away. A lot of the managers had come up through the unions and were very sympathetic to us. In response to consumer pressure, the store managers began to complain to their division heads, and soon they took the grapes out of all of their stores, 430 of them." (Garcia)

Opposition

-In 1969, Daniel Lyons, a Jesuit, published editorials in Twin Circle that declared that the bishops and priests who supported the strike had been led "astray." (Jacobs)

-The editor of the Central California Register, Gerald Sherry claims, the growers "wanted only their viewpoint and no one else's" publicized in the diocese's paper and were often outraged at the mere mention of Chávez or unions in its pages.⁴⁷ The Catholic Church and its officials in the Fresno Diocese tried their hardest to remain neutral. Father James Dillon said, "it's not our place to take sides . . . I [End Page 36] think it's an economic issue. It's not a moral issue." (Jacobs)

-A Chamber of Commerce spokesperson summed up these arguments in testimony to Congress in 1926: "We, gentlemen, are just as anxious as you are not to build the civilization of California or any other western district upon a Mexican foundation. We take him because there is nothing else available. We have gone east, west, north, and south and he is the only man-power available to us." The Farm Bureau asserted that "California's specialized agriculture [requires] a kind of labor able to meet the requirements of hard, stoop, hand labor, and to work under the sometimes less advantageous conditions of heat, sun, dust, winds, and isolation." (Martin)

Jacobs, Andrew. “American Catholic Studies Index for Volume 124: (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter 2013).” American Catholic Studies, vol. 124, no. 4, 2013, pp. 97–103., doi:10.1353/acs.2013.0059.

Martin, Philip. Braceros: History, Compensation - Rural Migration News | Migration Dialogue, migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1112.