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the action of establishing that something previously believed or thought of is the truth or is correct.

eg. confirming the existence of a certain scientific theory after conducting many experiments.

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A reason or justification given for an action, belief or phenomenon, showing the logical development of relationships.

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A personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty.

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Agreement of the individuals in a collective that a belief or set of beliefs is “knowledge.”

Eg. when Republicans and Democrats agree on language for a bill.

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Data manipulation is the changing of data to make it easier to read or be more organized.

e.g. Data sorted according to alphabetical orders.

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a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.

Eg. theory of evolution in biology

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A person or group who holds a position of power or influence over others.

Examples of authority: religious figures (Buddha), political figures (Obama), other figures (your parents)

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The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.

Language is creative and open-ended, using imprecise language can create fallacies if the statement is put into a context opposite or not true to its intended meaning

The words we use to describe an idea affect our understanding of the world.

Ex: The language used to describe the past can affect our view of history.

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The quality or state of being just and unbiased: detachment, fair-mindedness, impartiality, and objectivity.

TOK Essay Title (M19): “Disinterestedness is essential in the pursuit of knowledge.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

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Data are the individual facts that are out of context, have no meaning, and are difficult to understand.

e.g. Data collected from an experiment,  which the meaning and purpose need to be further investigated and analyzed.

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Moving towards/Changing to a more complete, verifiable set of knowledge.

TOK Essay Title M21:
Within areas of knowledge, how can we differentiate between change and progress? Answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.

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Lack of consensus or approval between a party.

Important for the pursuit of knowledge as more perspectives are shared and different ideas are considered.

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the quality or state of being correct or precise.
accuracy in natural sciences:

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Representation of phenomena, objects, or complex processes. Can be in a form of a physical object, schematic illustration, or worded description.

Eg. Model of the human body.

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The learned patterns of behavior (i.e. traditions and customs) characteristics of a society. Culture can take the underlying assumptions and beliefs that are invisible to the eye. "It is the framework of beliefs, expressive symbols, and values in terms of which individuals define their world,"

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Correlation: A relationship/connection between two or more things. In statistics this means the interdependence of  variable quantities.
Causation: The act of causing something to occur/the relationship between cause and effect.

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The condition of having incorrect or false knowledge.
In natural sciences and math in general, an error is defined as the difference between the desired and actual performance or behavior of a system or object.

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The state or quality of being intricate or complicated. (Example: A messy maze)
Knowledge is often complex, thus we need labels and classification to break it down.

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The division of elements sharing similar characteristics/traits into distinct categories and sets.

KQ: To what extent is classification a reductive form of knowledge acquisition?

TOK Essay Title (M21): “Labels are a necessity in the organization of knowledge, but they also constrain our understanding.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.

Claim: Each piece of knowledge loses its unique traits when tried to be classified under a certain umbrella

Counter Claim: Classification allows for a more clear connection and similarities in knowledge and a more holistic understanding.

Eg. Classification of biodiversity in biology: helps identify similarities but can restrain proper understanding of new species.

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A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Can be used to can a better understanding or enhance knowledge.

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the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case.

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The act of falsifying knowledge - that is, making a set of knowledge misleading/disproving a set of knowledge.

E.g. a hypothesis is falsified by evidence from a science experiment, falsified test results.

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Information refers to facts or details about sth

Knowledge is the concise and appropriate collection of information in a way that makes it useful

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A set of related ideas for making sense of aspects of reality. Greek word meaning 'pattern'...think of it as a model or framework for understanding something...

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an explanation of the meaning of something based on individual belief or level of knowledge—can happen on an unconscious level.

A same idea can be interpreted differently due to different perspectives

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the interrelated conditions or setting in which an idea exists in. When claims are taken out of context, it distorts (changes its meaning) the information and creates a fallacy (mistaken belief).

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when a sufficient number of people agree that the old ways no longer solve important problems and that new ways are needed.

Example: Shift from Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation to Einstein’s theory of relativity,

This paradigm shift occurred because there were inconsistencies with Newton’s theory which Einstein’s theory explained perfectly.

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the property of an argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises.

Often compared with accuracy in Natural Sciences: a valid argument/valid results are those that logically make sense and support what we already know, hence depending on accuracy.

Refer to reliability post for target analogy.

Validity is also the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. In order for the results of an experiment or test to be published, they must first be proven to be valid.

We often question which source

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The rationale for the research approach, and the lens through which the analysis occurs.

e.g. ground theory - assumes a blank slate and uses an inductive approach to develop a new theory

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The importance/significance/usefulness of a set of knowledge.

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The favouring of/against one object/person compared with another usually in an unfair way, due to prejudice/stereotyping.
E.g. confirmation bias - the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation/supportive of one's existing theories/beliefs.

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The state or fact of being accountable or to blame for something. Having the duty and control over something.

Producer vs. User of Knowledge
Who holds more responsibility?
2019 TOK Title: "In the acquisition of knowledge, the responsibility for accuracy lies with the user not the producer." Discuss knowledge questions raised by this idea in two areas of knowledge.

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A factor on which you judge or decide something.

Eg. The four criterions in IB language and Literature paper 1.

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A pattern is a regularity in the world, in human-made design, or in abstract ideas. As such, the elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner.

Patterns can give us knowledge, and promote understanding.

Example of patterns in Math: Pythagorean Theorem, applicable to all right-angle triangles, can be used to predict hypotenuse length.

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The practical use of sth, especially a theory, discovery, etc.

Eg. The application of the concept of equilibrium in the Haber process to produce fertilizer.

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Using logic and consistency. One of the four truth tests.
Ex: A student was absent due to being sick. The following day, if the student is still absent, one can assume they are still sick without verification.

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The quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well.
E.g. in science, an experiment is reliable if repeated trials are conducted.

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Decision risk:  A decision by the leadership of an organization to accept an option having a given risk function in preference to another, or in preference to taking no action.

With a fact goes through the process of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom, the decision risk is reduced. Each decision becomes more certain.

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The quality/state of information being able to be verified, tested, and proven to be true.
E.g. in accounting, verifiability is the extent to which information is reproducible given the same data and assumptions

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The tendency to see patterns in random events.

TOK Essay title (M17): "“Humans are pattern-seeking animals and we are adept at finding patterns whether they exist or not” (adapted from Michael Shermer). Discuss knowledge questions raised by this idea in two areas of knowledge."