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The well known eruption of the Mt. Pelee volcano occured April 25th to May 8th, 1902. It was a series of eruptions, and the last explosion demolished the city of St. Pierre on the French island of Martinique in the Caribbean. The result was that only two people survived the volcano. The general description of the volcano is that it is a stratovolcano (cone shaped, built up by layers of hardened lava and ash) and resulted from the subduction zone of the Caribbean Plate where it meets the South American Plate. The summit elevation of the volcano is 1397m and the extent is an 120km2 area.

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The volcanic eruption of Mt. Pelee in 1902 is classified as a 4 (out of 8) on the volcanic explosivity index. This means there was > 0.1 km3 of volume ejected, however this volcano lead to the classification of Pelean eruptions, which is when volcanoes emit lots of ash, gas dust lava which exploded from the centre of the volcano. While this was not the largest volcano in history, it was still extremely deadly as before it erupted, a lava spine grew from the middle of the mountain. During the final explosion this caused a landslide, or incandescent pyroclastic flows, which is now a classification for Pelean eruption and buried the neighbouring city of St. Pierre.

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The Mt. Pelee volcano is located at the north part of the French Martinique island in the Lesser Antilles arc of the Caribbean sea. The Caribbean Plate meets the South American Plate in close proximity to the island, which was the subduction zone that ultimately caused Mt. Pelee to form long ago.

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The explosion of Mt. Pelee in 1902 resulted from the subduction zone of the Caribbean Plate where it meets the South American Plate. At the time of the explosion, the South American plate was being pushed under the Caribbean Plate, and in 1902 it made a big movement which resulted in a volcano.

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The duration of the 1902 eruption lasted 13 days, beginning in April with small tremors, visible fumes, the burst of an underwater cable and a lake materializing in the caldera. On May 2nd, the volcano let off a small eruption where it ejected burning rocks but the town of St. Pierre was assured people were safe. On May 5th, a massive lahar moving at 100km/hr buried a county mill and created a small tsunami. The final occurrence was the final large explosion which exploded on May 8th and destroyed the town St. Pierre and the majority of its inhabitants.

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The effects of the eruption were that there was between 30,000-40,000 dead on the island, as the main city of St. Pierre has been buried by the volcano’s pyroclastic flows. The number of deaths was so large for the French geologist Jean-Claude Tanguy mentioned that the volcano has been dormant and calm for years, therefore had predicted no reason to evacuate the island, so the governor took his word and instead moved the population into the city. There were 20+ ships offshore at the time of explosion at were burnt and the crew were killed. Overall, most of the victims died from suffocation and intese burns that socted their lungs and skin. The damage was that the entire city of St. Pierre has been destroyed, the the final costs took around $50,000,000 to repair the damage.

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Top 10 deadliest volcanic eruptions. (2017, October 17). Retrieved December 07, 2017, from

https://www.heritagedaily.com/2014/08/top-10-deadliest-volcanic-eruptions/104313

Mount Pelée. (2017, December 05). Retrieved December 07, 2017, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pelée

Facts, I. (2011, November 13). Mount Pelee Facts. Retrieved December 07, 2017, from

https://www.interestingfacts.org/fact/mount-pelee-facts

Benchmarks: May 8, 1902: The deadly eruption of Mount Pelée. (2016, July 26). Retrieved December 07, 2017, from

https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-may-8-1902-deadly-eruption-mount-pelee

Images

http://jclahr.com/science/psn/as1/windward07/index.2.jpg

http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/mqcarib.gif

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/La_Pelée_vue_du_Carbet.jpg/1200px-La_Pelée_vue_du_Carbet.jpg

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In 1902, there was no extensive technology like the instrument we have today to predict Mt. pelee’s explosion. There was only the French geologist Jean-Claude Tanguy who took information from a volcano in Italy which erupted frequently and applied it to other known volcanoes (though Mt. Pelee has not demonstrated frequent explosion and for all Tanguy knew there was no reason it should explode.) Today, we have technology that observed the movement of the oceanic plates, which can predict when and where volcanoes will erupt. Also, hazard maps have been created in location prone to eruption from careful observation and research which could also predict when and where a volcano will explode.

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“The management response to earthquake disasters usually falls far short of people’s expectations.”

Aid efforts sometimes fail in their objectives as information is unclear, locations are difficult to reach or there is ongoing danger. For example, Mt. Pelee erupted however aid efforts did not have a true understanding of what has really occurred, the explosion happened on an isolated island and the city of St. Pierre buried for days after the volcano making it extremely dangerous for helpers.

In Haiti, many organisation such as the UN and private companies raised money and went to help after the destructive earthquake in 2010. There were many deaths in this natural disaster, however the aid provided was quick, such as medicine and food, and saved many lives making it successful management response.

The management response can include raising money, doing news broadcasts, sending physical help and fundraising to help in communities. Some aspects, like raising essential money for supplies, can be more successful than a commercial about the problem on television however  all the management response combined is what really makes the aid successful.

Tectonic hazards response has improved over time from the creation of new technology. Advanced computers and programs allow observing scientist to study the earth thought to accurately predict where the next harmful tectonic occurrence will happen. Also, previous experiences with disaster has lead scientist to learn new things each time, so yes, over time,  tectonic hazards responses have improved.

This cannot be accurately measured, for in every disaster there is not usually an exact count of dead to living outcome ratios, and the new technology helps but is not a aid that can be measured in numbers. It helps predict disasters, but people can not reflect on how many lives were exactly saved or prevented from the natural disasters.

The quoted statement could be emanating from anyone from normal citizens to advanced scientists. People understand that there need to be tectonic disaster aid programs in place whether they are a member of the public or a highly educated scientific individual.