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1) Pick out the elements that reflect the tensions/ differences between the Black and White people. What can you notice about the composition of the rugby team ?
2) What is the problem according to Mandela?
3) Write down the sentences uttered by Mandela.
4) What was Mandela's plan, what was his objective?

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Diversity and Exchange or Private and Public Spaces

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Diversity and Exchange or Private and Public Spaces

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BIKO by Peter Gabriel (1980)

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Asimbonanga (song made in 1987) -

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Johnny Clegg (With Nelson Mandela) - Asimbonanga - 1999 Fran

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Articles about the role of struggle songs against apartheid

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12 Essential Anti-Apartheid Struggle Songs from South Africa & Around the World

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OkayAfrica's mission is connecting a global audience to Africa. We are a youth-driven news site featuring comprehensive coverage of the latest news, culture, art, music and lifestyle from across Africa and the wider diaspora.

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Gauging the practical effectiveness of a protest song is a far more slippery task than assessing its quality, but the Special AKA's 1984 hit, Nelson Mandela, is one of the few records that can be said to have helped move mountains.

Although it is almost inconceivable now, at the dawn of the 1980s Mandela's name was not widely known outside South Africa. By the time he was released from prison a decade later, his name, face and story were synonymous with the anti-apartheid struggle, and pop music played a major role in that transformation.

The Special AKA's Jerry Dammers first encountered Mandela's name when, in 1983, he attended a concert at Alexandra Palace in London to mark the imprisoned activist's 65th birthday. During the headline set of South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela, the crowd chanted "Free Mandela!"

Since settling in the US in the early 1960s, Masekela and his fellow South African exile (and later wife) Miriam Makeba had worked hard to publicise the injustice in their homeland, helped by the singer and campaigner Harry Belafonte.

Back home, music became an important means of inspiring and unifying the anti-apartheid movement. In 1964, the ANC activist and songwriter Vuyisile Mini went to the gallows singing some of the popular freedom songs he had written.

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Some western musicians took an early stand against apartheid. The Musicians' Union, in the UK, declared a boycott after the 1960 Sharpeville massacre, and the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Walker Brothers were among those who refused to perform in South Africa.

But compared with Vietnam and the American civil rights movement, apartheid remained a niche interest, even on the left. Gil Scott-Heron's 1976 song Johannesburg was a rare call for solidarity: "They may not get the news, but they need to know we're on their side."

It was Steve Biko, not Mandela, who became the first anti-apartheid icon. When the young leader of the radical black consciousness movement died in police custody in 1977, he inspired songs by the folksinger Tom Paxton, the prog-rock star Peter Hammill, the reggae artists Steel Pulse and Tappa Zukie, and, tardily but most famously, Peter Gabriel.

"Bono called and told me that U2 had learned about apartheid and Africa from the Biko song," Gabriel later said.

That same year, 1980, the UN finally approved a cultural boycott of South Africa, naming Mandela in a resolution for the first time.

The name was important. The ANC had been calling for the release of Mandela and his fellow political prisoners for years. Around the world, numerous petitions had been signed and tributes paid. But public awareness was stuck at a certain level.

In 1982, the 20th anniversary of Mandela's arrest, the ANC's leader-in-exile, Oliver Tambo, decided to relaunch the anti-apartheid campaign by with an increasing focus on Mandela, effectively making him an international celebrity.

Awareness could not be generated overnight, as Mandela later wrily acknowledged in his autobiography: "I am told that when 'Free Mandela' posters went up in London, most young people thought my Christian name was 'Free'."

Dammers came home from Alexandra Palace in July 1983 with an armful of leaflets and an idea for a song. After the bitter demise of the Specials two years earlier, he had convened a new band, the Special AKA.

Their debut album, In the Studio, was a brooding, heavy affair and the song Nelson Mandela (better known by its US title, Free Nelson Mandela) was intended as a "happy ending".

He invited members of the Specials and the Beat to join vocalist Stan Campbell on the chorus to create a mood of joyous solidarity. Produced by Elvis Costello, it was as optimistic as Gabriel's song was solemn.

Tambo's Free Mandela campaign could not have asked for more. The song was embraced by the UN, ANC and black South Africans, who sang it at demonstrations and played it over loudspeakers, even though the record was banned in the country. The chorus was so simple and catchy that anyone could sing it and remember its message.

Dammers put Mandela's face on the front of the sleeve and filled the back with information gleaned from anti-apartheid campaigners.

From then on, the momentum became unstoppable. Dammers founded the British wing of Artists Against Apartheid, which brought him into conflict with Paul Simon over the Graceland album: a bitter row which at least helped raise awareness.

Simultaneously, Bruce Springsteen's guitarist, Steven Van Zandt, became enraged by the willingness of western artist's to play Sun City, a luxurious whites-only enclave in the impoverished black homeland, or "bantustan", of Bophuthatswana. He invited stars such as Bono, Springsteen, Miles Davis and Run-DMC to appear on 1985's single (and subsequent album) Sun City, by Artists United Against Apartheid, which succeeded in stigmatising the resort.

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The anti-apartheid movement became one of the decade's causes célèbres. Stevie Wonder released the bluntly titled It's Wrong (Apartheid) and was arrested during a protest outside the South African embassy in Washington DC.

The British reggae singer Eddy Grant recorded Gimme Hope Jo'Anna (Jo'Anna being Johannesburg). Many artists, from the hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest to the Irish folksinger Christy Moore, continued to honour Biko.

Among school-age listeners in 1986, perhaps the most effective song was Spitting Image's I've Never Met a Nice South African, cleverly placed on the B-side of the No 1 novelty hit The Chicken Song.

Masekela released two instant anthems calling for Mandela's release, Tomorrow and Mandela (Bring Him Back Home), and Makeba wrote Soweto Blues, joining a groundswell of voices that had not existed when they began campaigning more than 20 years earlier.

Predictably, all of these songs fell foul of South African censors, and artists inside the country had to be more subtle. Dan Heymann, a reluctant army conscript, wrote the brutally satirical Weeping for His Band Bright Blue. The censors failed to spot a brief musical reference to Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika, the banned ANC anthem, and Weeping reached No 1 on the government's own radio station.

The multiracial band Savuka were more direct. Their song Asimbonanga, explicitly dedicated to Mandela, Biko and other activists, led to repeated arrests and raided concerts.

All this activity, and the inspiring example of Live Aid, led to 1988's 70th birthday concert for Mandela at Wembley Arena, conceived by Dammers and the Simple Minds frontman, Jim Kerr, who wrote the well-meaning but windy Mandela Day for the occasion.

African musicians and dedicated campaigners shared the stage with sympathetic superstars on a night that peaked with the iconic trio of songs; Biko, Sun City and Nelson Mandela.

A subsequent survey found that three-quarters of 16- to 24-year-olds now knew who Mandela was and wanted him released: remarkable progress in just a few years.

The follow-up concert to mark Mandela's liberation two years later had the advantage of starring the man himself. He took the stage after dark, greeted by thousands of cigarette lighters and the sound of Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika, then went straight to the airport to fly home and continue his work.

Dammers learned that Mandela had just one quibble with the Special AKA song. The line about his captors forcing him to wear painfully ill-fitting shoes had been taken from anti-apartheid publicity that turned out to be inaccurate.

It's testament to Mandela's integrity that, even when his own freedom was at stake, he felt that the truth required no embellishment.

* Dorian Lynskey is the author of 33 Revolutions Per Minute: A History of Protest Songs
Topics

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Nelson Mandela: the triumph of the protest song

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Gauging the practical effectiveness of a protest song is a far more slippery task than assessing its quality, but the Special AKA's 1984 hit, Nelson Mandela, is one of the few records that can be said to have helped move mountains.

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Territory and Memory or Identity and Exchanges

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Territory and Memory or Identity and Exchanges

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South Africa's political transition is known as one of the most remarkable political feats of the past century. The ruling African National Congress (ANC) has driven the policy agenda since 1994 until August 2016, when the country held the most competitive local government election since 1994, in which the ANC-lost majority support in four of the metropolitan cities. Political parties negotiated coalition deals that have left the ANC unseated in Pretoria and Nelson Mandela Bay. The latest general elections were held in May 2019 and the next local government elections are expected by November 2021.

COVID-19 (coronavirus) is having a major impact on South Africa's economy. The World Bank estimates that the economy contracted by 7% in 2020, as the pandemic weighed heavily on both external demand and domestic activity as the government implemented containment measures. This severe contraction is estimated to increase poverty by 2 million people (living below the poverty line for upper-middle income countries, $5.5 per day in 2011 Purchasing Power Parity exchange rates, PPP).

South Africa entered the pandemic after several years of low growth. In 2019, the economy grew by 0.2% (in 2018 it was 0.8%) partially caused by the resurgence of load shedding associated with operational and financial difficulties at the energy utility Eskom. The persistence of the pandemic at the global and domestic levels will continue to constrain the economic recovery during the first half of 2021. In addition, as economic activity restarts, pre-existing structural constraints, such as electricity shortages, are becoming binding again. Gross domestic product growth is expected to rebound to 3 % in 2021. Commodity prices remain important for South Africa, a major net exporter of minerals and net importer of oil. Strengthening investment, including foreign direct investment, will be critical to propel growth and create jobs.
Key Development Challenges
South Africa has made considerable strides to improve the wellbeing of its citizens since its transition to democracy in the mid-1990s, but progress has stagnated in the last decade. The percentage of the population below the upper-middle-income-country poverty line fell from 68% to 56% between 2005 and 2010 but has since trended slightly upwards to 57% in 2015 and is projected to reach 60% in 2020.

Structural challenges and weak growth have undermined progress in reducing poverty, which have been heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The achievement of progress in household welfare is severely constrained by rising unemployment, which reached an unprecedented 32.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020. The unemployment rate is highest among youths aged between 15 and 24, at around 63%.

South Africa remains a dual economy with one of the highest, persistent inequality rates in the world, with a consumption expenditure Gini coefficient of 0.63 in 2015.High inequality is perpetuated by a legacy of exclusion and the nature of economic growth, which is not pro-poor and does not generate sufficient jobs. Inequality in wealth is even higher and intergenerational mobility is low meaning inequalities are passed down from generation to generation with little change over time.

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2021

A new WBG-South Africa Country Partnership Framework for FY21-2025 is currently being finalized against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis has opened-up areas for reforms, which have been pending for years, as well as for addressing weaknesses undermining effective government. The October 2020 Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan (ERRP) aims at dealing with immediate actions towards economic recovery amid COVID-19; and rebuilding and growing the economy to ensure sustainability, resilience, and inclusion. The reforms outlined in the ERRP re-emphasize the binding constraints and pathways to development progress also identified in the World Bank 2018 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD), entitled An Incomplete Transition: Overcoming the Legacy of Exclusion in South Africa.

Discussed with a variety of stakeholders, including government, youth, private sector, and other development partners the new CPF's proposed strategic focus areas will support GoSA's vision and plans to move towards a new socio-economic transformation model. They are well aligned with the ERRP and are designed to respond to the COVID-19 impact, particularly in the short run. They are: promoting increased competition and improved business environment for sustainable growth; strengthening MSME and skills development to support job creation; and improving the infrastructure investment framework and selected infrastructure services. Governance, gender and the digital economy will be cross-cutting themes.

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2021

The South Africa portfolio has four active projects, comprised of two International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) financed projects valued at ($3.97 billion) and two trust-funded projects ($273 million). The Eskom Investment Support Project ($3.4 billion) is the largest of the two-lending operations.

The Eskom Investment Support Project (EISP) seeks to enhance South Africa's power supply and energy security in an efficient and sustainable manner. All six units of Medupi are now synchronized to the grid, and only Unit 1 remains to reach commercial operation (CO), which has been delayed due to COVID-19 containment measures.

An additional 100MW from the Sere Wind Farm went into commercial operation in May 2015 and is operating well. The project has been restructured and extended to June 2021 to enable completion of an additional, battery storage, sub-component under the Renewable Energy component. Battery storage capacity, currently under procurement, will assist in improving utilization of energy generated from variable renewable energy sources under the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer program.
Urban Development
The World Bank is actively providing targeted technical assistance to support the integration, implementation and institutionalization of approaches and instruments to urban management in South Africa. This is part of a four-year Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS) agreement (2018-2022) for 'Infrastructure Investment and Integrated Urban Planning' in support of the second phase of the Treasury's Cities Support Program (CSP).

Aligned with South Africa's National Development Plan and Integrated Urban Development Framework and supported by Switzerland's State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, this program has contributed to the strengthening of economic incentives, improving speed at which individuals can start businesses, reforming infrastructure finance and fiscal management and promoting inclusive urban development with a focus on informal settlements.
South Africa Partnership for Market Readiness
The World Bank successfully completed the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) project in December 2020, which supported the design of South Africa's Carbon Tax policy as well as helped build and capacitate several tools to support the tax through a $3.8 million grant.

The project helped to finance the development of the Carbon Offset Administration System (COAS), South Africa' new online platform to facilitate the listing, transfer and retirement of carbon credits to offset carbon tax liabilities. It also helped design and build capacity for the South Africa Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting System (SAGERS), a web-based portal for the registration and submission of GHG emissions data, which then helps to inform liability under the carbon tax. South Africa's carbon tax was enacted June 1, 2019.
South Africa Financial Sector Development and Reform Program
The South Africa Financial Sector Development and Reform Program Phase 2 (FSDRP 2) is a five-year World Bank technical assistance program launched in September 2018 with a contribution from the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs. Through this program, the World Bank supported the work of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) on the Financial Sector Law Amendment Bill (FSLAB), which establishes a resolution regimen and enables provisions for the Corporation of Deposit Insurance. A feasibility study and cost-benefit analysis for using bail-in as a recapitalization mechanism in South Africa (the "Flac" study) was published by the World Bank in December 2020 to provide guidance to the SARB on implementing bank resolution secondary legislation.

The World Bank also supported the government in the development of regulatory and policy response to fintech. This includes undertaking a landscape assessment of the fintech sector in South Africa in collaboration with the Intergovernmental Fintech Working Group (IFWG) in 2019, to better inform policy and regulatory priorities in this space. This assessment helped enhance discussions which informed the development of the Fintech Vision for South Africa to be a leading Fintech hub for Africa, promoting financial inclusion while spurring competition, digital skills, and economic growth through innovation.
Digital Economy Country Diagnostic Report for South Africa
The World Bank South Africa Digital Economy Diagnostic, examined the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for digital economy development in South Africa. It forms part of the World Bank Group's (WBG) Digital Economy for Africa Initiative (DE4A), launched in 2018 through a collaboration between the African Union and the World Bank Group. The initiative aims to ensure that every individual, business and government in Africa will be digitally enabled by 2030.

The diagnostic found that South Africa has good potential to build on its strong foundations to continue to grow and expand its digital economy, including playing an increasing regional leadership role, and should boost efforts on digital infrastructure and skills in particular. Priority considerations for infrastructure, include updating the national broadband policy SA Connect in line with international best practices, fast-tracking spectrum licensing, and ensuring the independence and capacity of Independent Communications Authority of South Africa.

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2021

Partners include specialized agencies of the United Nations system, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the New Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Department for International Development (DfID) and theState Secretariat for Economic Affairs of Switzerland (SECO).

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2021

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South Africa's political transition is known as one of the most remarkable political feats of the past century. The ruling African National Congress (ANC) has driven the policy agenda since 1994 until August 2016, when the country held the most competitive local government election since 1994, in which the ANC-lost majority support in four of the metropolitan cities.

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 Diversity and Exchange or Private and Public Spaces

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 Diversity and Exchange or Private and Public Spaces

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An optimistic outlook from a mixed-couple in today's South Africa

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Springbok Captain François Pienaar's memories

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Springbok Captain François Pienaar's memories

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Listen to 1995 Rugby team captain Pienaar's memories about Nelson Mandela. Take notes of interesting elements.

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Complete your information by making some internet research on the following policies of the South-African government.

The Group Areas Act

Forced relocation – the “removals”

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Desmund Tutu (1931 - 2021) and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

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Desmund Tutu (1931 - 2021) and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

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1) Give factual details of Mandela's social experiment the Truth and Reconciliation Commission : number of people involved and objectives.
2) Describe Desmond Tutu's process to reach the objective.

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Desmund Tutu and The Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2009

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Take notes of Helen Suzman's involvement to help N.Mandela's fight.

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Take notes of Helen Suzman's involvement to help N.Mandela's fight.

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Complete your information by making some internet research on the following policies of the South-African government.

The Group Areas Act

Forced Relocation – the “removals”

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Part 1 - Childhood, Education and Early Activism

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Part 1 - Childhood, Education and Early Activism

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"Forgiving is not forgetting; it is actually remembering - remembering and not using your right to hit back."

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Nelson Mandela (1918 - 2013) - president of the Republic of South Africa 

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Nelson Mandela (1918 - 2013) - president of the Republic of South Africa 

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"The message of reconciliation, of nation-building, of granting amnesty, indemnity, has struck a powerful, favourable chord. And people can understand that we're not for purposes of retribution but to forget the past and to build our nation."

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1 - Pick out the five key dates mentioned.
2 - List the restrictions and rules imposed on the Black majority.

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APARTHEID 46 YEARS IN 90 SECONDS - BBC NEWS

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Part 2 - Mandela's involvement in the struggle for justice in South-Africa

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Part 2 - Mandela's involvement in the struggle for justice in South-Africa

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Part 2 - 2003 BBC Documentary - The Fight for Freedom

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Part 4 - 2003 BBC Documentary - The Fight for Freedom.mp4-

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The Specials - Nelson Mandela (Official Music Video)