# data[].attributes.body
French Calvinist

# data[].attributes.body
95 complaints to the Catholic church by martin Luther

# data[].attributes.body
The illegal practice of lending money at an unreasonable rates o interest

# data[].attributes.body
A king with 6 wives

# data[].attributes.body
English Calvinist

# data[].attributes.headline
What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas? 

# data[].attributes.body
Role of the printing press • Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. • The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. • These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance.

# data[].attributes.headline
What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation? 

# data[].attributes.body
Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies • Growth of secularism • Growth of individualism • Eventual growth of religious tolerance

# data[].attributes.headline
What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation?

# data[].attributes.subject
What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation?

# data[].attributes.body
Reformation in Germany • Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states. • The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church. • Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War). Reformation in France • Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked). • Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict. Catholic Reformation • Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe • Counter-Reformation: – The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices. – The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. – The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

# data[].attributes.headline
What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I?

# data[].attributes.subject
What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I?

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) • Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God • Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition) • Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic • Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement King Henry VIII • Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome • Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England Queen Elizabeth I • Anglican Church • Tolerance for dissenters • Expansion and colonialism • Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

# data[].attributes.headline
What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? 

# data[].attributes.body
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
• Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. • Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.