# data[].attributes.body
BTEX are contained in various household and industrial products such as paints and paint thinners, adhesives, nail polish, tobacco, and automobile products.

The general population is exposed to these chemicals mainly through inhalation of ambient air; dermal exposure to products containing these solvents is also possible.

Ingestion of drinking water contaminated with these chemicals is another possible pathway.

Refinery and industry workers have a risk of occupational exposure.

According to the US EPA, the most likely source of BTEX pollution in the environment is due to leakage from underground gasoline storage tanks into ground water, leaching from landfills, and discharge from factories and refineries.

# data[].attributes.body
Describe:
a) IARC classification
b) adverse effects
of the following BTEX type:

1. Benzene

2. Toluene

3. Ethylbenzene

4. Xylene

# data[].attributes.body
allergies (migraine, hyperactivity, rashes: tartrazine)

little is known about cumulative or combined effect of additives

bulking agents can deceive consumers

some additives destroy nutrients (suplhur dioxide destroys Vit. B)

sweetener can leave bitter after taste (saccharine)

# data[].attributes.body
Substances added to food, generally in small quantities:
FOR:

Flavor enhancement

Taste preservation

Appearance improvement

Storage properties

Definition
WHO/FAO – non-nutritious substances added intentionally, in small quantities to improve appearance, flavor, texture and storage properties.  Did not include nutritional supplements and non intentional additives

Codex Alimentarius – any substance,  including those of microbial origin not normally eaten as food stuff proper  but use causes substance or metabolites become constituent of food proper

# data[].attributes.body
Codex Alimentarius Commission assigned 'E numbers' to identify all additives, regardless they are approved for use or not.
GRAS: Genrally Recognized As Safe (listed by US FDA)

# data[].attributes.headline
7. Types of incidental F.A. (contaminants)

# data[].attributes.subject
7. Types of incidental F.A. (contaminants)

# data[].attributes.body
Describe:
a) sources
b) adverse effects
of the following incidental F.A.:

1. Pesticides

2. Antibiotics

3. Metals

4. Plastic chemicals

5. Formaldehyde

# data[].attributes.body
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
BTEX: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene

: Is classified as priority pollutants regulated by environmental and occupational associations around the globe.

# data[].attributes.body
amira and syafiqah

# data[].attributes.body
Describe:
a) function
b) adverse effects
of the following intentional F.A.:

1. Saccharin

2. Cyclamate

3. Aspartame

4. BHA/BHT

5. MSGs

# data[].attributes.body
Yoshini Palawisamy 139708

# data[].attributes.body
Syamimi binti Abd Rahman
Nur Hannani binti Abdul Ghani

# data[].attributes.body
to make more appealing (flavor & enhancer, colors, acidity)

to make more nutritious (vitamins & minerals)

to preserve freshness/ keep unspoiled (preservatives, antioxidants)

to make food easier to process (anticaking agents, humectants)

to keep stable during storage (stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier)

# data[].attributes.body
MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN ZAIDI (139686)
NUR FARAH AMALIENA BINTI MOHD ZAHID (139694)

# data[].attributes.body
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the related compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are phenolic compounds that are often added to foods to preserve fats and oils and keep them from becoming rancid.
BHA and BHT may have some antimicrobial properties, too. BHT is even sold in supplements, as an antioxidant
Function:

as a deforming agent for yeast

stabilize fat

retain food smell, color and flavor.

Adverse effect

possibly carcinogenic to human if high intake

potential to weaken endocrine distruptor

may impact such organ as lung, liver, kidney, thyroid.

act as tumor promoter

may mimic estrogen and prevent expression of male sex hormone

Nor Aishah bt Ahamad 139688
Nur Faqrisya binti Samsudin 139693

# data[].attributes.body
Nurul Shahira binti Mohd Zin (139703)
Wan Siti Hajar binti Wan Mohd Amin (139707)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Plastic Chemicals as Incidental Food Additive

# data[].attributes.body
a) IARC classification

Stand for International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Have devised a system of categories to evaluate the carcinogenicity of an agent to humans.

Consists of 5 groups which are;

Group 1 (Carcinogenic to humans) because even its shows less sufficient evidence for human compare to animal but it has strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts in the mechanism of carcinogenicity. There are up to 111 agents such as cadmium, dioxins, and chromium (VI).

Group 2A (Probably carcinogenic to humans) as there are limited and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and animals respectively. 66 agents are classified as Group 2A including acrylamide and red meat.

Group 2B (Possibly carcinogenic to humans) as there may be limited and less than sufficient for humans and animals respectively and 285 agents are categorized as Group 2B such as lead.

Group 3 (Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans) shows inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity for both humans and animals and up to 505 agents are classified as Group 3 including the XYLENE that assigned to us together with sulphur dioxide and melamine.

Group 4 (Probably not carcinogenic to humans) as there are lack of evidence in both humans and animals and consists only 1 agent.

XYLENE is classified in Group 3 because it is proven that the XYLENE is not the pre-dominant exposure for cancer in the previous studies which are;

Two community case-control study (Brain cancer group and several types of cancer group

Two industry nested case-control study (Central Nervous System tumor group and one of the several sites group).

The results found in all of the studies are not strong enough to establish whether there is an association with xylene exposure.

As in animal experimental such as rats, hepatic cytochrome P450 content and the activities of certain conjugation enzymes are increased upon inhalation exposure to meta-xylene but there is no confirmed evidence of genetic activity for any of the isomers.

b) Adverse effect of XYLENE

Irritation to eyes, nose and throat

Nausea

Vomiting

Acute pulmonary edema.

Difficulty in breathing

Respiratory depression

Systemic toxicity by ingestion or inhalation

Damage to lung and nervous system  (headache, dizziness, ataxia, drowsiness, excitement, tremor, and coma)

Ventricular arrythmias

Reversible hepatic impairment

NURSHATIRA BINTI KHAMAROLLAH 139699
NURIN HASYA BINTI MOHD NASIR 139698

# data[].attributes.body
1. intentional

1. for restoration, enrichment, or fortification of the product

2. to preserve, enhanced appearance, flavor and texture

2. incidental

1. a substance that comes in contact with food during growth or processing (Pesticides, antibiotics, packaging materials, lubricants)

3. indirect

1. something present in the food package which may then be present in the food