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UNESCO Office for Southern Africa has stepped up to provide ethical frameworks to decision-makers and front-line professionals in fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic

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UNESCO Office for Southern Africa has stepped up to provide ethical frameworks to decision-makers and front-line professionals in fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic

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As the world is responding to the global COVID-19 pandemic, quick decision-making is vital. But it can also become a challenging exercise when ethical questions and sometimes dilemmas arise in a context of emergency where human lives and human dignity are threatened.

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Human Dignity, Equality and Treatment in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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Human Dignity, Equality and Treatment in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Japhet Bakuwa, Member of the UNESCO’ World Commission on the Ethics of Science and Technology (COMEST), calls on governments to pay attention to the rural communities’ needs in times of COVID-19.

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Human Dignity, Equality and Treatment in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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Justice and solidarity in times of COVID 19 pandemic

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Justice and solidarity in times of COVID 19 pandemic

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In this video, Dr. Aissatou Touré, Immonologist, Deputy Chair of the National Ethics Committee for Research on health (Senegal), reminds that the pandemic must not obscure the course of life - the regular health needs are still pregnant in times of COVID-19.

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Justice and solidarity in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Fighting Stigma and Racism in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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Fighting Stigma and Racism in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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| In this video, Prof. Tendayi Achiume, UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, emphasizes on the importance of collaboration, solidarity and science, instead of fear and discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, and national origin.

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Fighting Stigma and Racism in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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Ethical Consideration of Triage Systems in Covid-19 Pandemic

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Ethical Consideration of Triage Systems in Covid-19 Pandemic

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In this video, Dr Walter Mangezi, Chairperson of the Department of Health Professions Education (HPE), University of Zimbabwe, stresses on the importance of adopting written protocol to deal with triage, to safeguard Justice and Do-no-harm principles.

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Ethical Consideration of Triage Systems in COVID-19 Pandemic

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A view from Environmental Ethics in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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A view from Environmental Ethics in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Johan Hattingh (South Africa), Chair of the UNESCO Expert Group on the Ethics of Climate Change, is highlighting the linkages between new pathogens and the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity.

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Environmental Ethics in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Coordinated Communication in times of COvid-19 pandemic

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Coordinated Communication in times of COvid-19 pandemic

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Pr. Evariste Likinda, Chairperson of the National Bioethics Committee of Democratic Republic of Congo, stresses on the need to coordinate public communicaiotn to reflect a  Common Vision and Common Good.

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Coordinated Communication in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Memory Kadau, Co-Director of Adult and Adolescent Rape Clinic (ARC), alerts us on the worrisome rise of Sexual Gender-based Violence during the lockdown, and calls on governments to take immediate action for Zero-Tolerance.

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Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Public reasoning and transparency in decision making in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Public reasoning and transparency in decision making in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Emma Ruttkamp-Bloem (South Africa), member of  UNESCO’s World Commission on Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technologies (COMEST), advocates for public reasoning in times of crisis that entails moral dilemmas. The National Bioethics Committee can highly help in this regard.

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Public reasoning and transparency in decision making in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Full Disclosure and Informed Consent in times of COVID-19

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Full Disclosure and Informed Consent in times of COVID-19

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In this video, Prof. Jim Unah, President of the Philosophers Association of Nigeria, sets out the principle of full disclosure as a major factor of trust building in times of COVID-19.

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Full Disclosure and Informed Consent in times of COVID-19

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Intergenerational Responsibility and Environmental Ethics in times of COVI-19 Pandemic

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Intergenerational Responsibility and Environmental Ethics in times of COVI-19 Pandemic

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In this video, Chiagozie Udeh, Chairperson of the Global Executive Board of Plant-for-the-Planet Initiative (Nigeria), reminds us on the timely and urgent need to take Climate Action to protect the future generations, in order to build back better after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Intergenerational Responsibility and Environmental Ethics in times of COVID-19 Pandemic

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19 prominent experts across the world have joined UNESCO to highlight the ethical challenges at stake!

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19 prominent experts across the world have joined UNESCO to highlight the ethical challenges at stake!

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At a time of uncertainty, when societies across the globe take rapid and radical measures against the pandemic, I am concerned about potential threats to human rights, privacy and ethical standards, especially towards the most vulnerable. This crisis calls for the best in humanity with ethical principles as our compass.

Audrey Azoulay, UNESCO Director-General

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The statement highlights the importance of recognizing the vulnerability of those affected by poverty, discrimination, violence, gender, pre-existing illness, loss of autonomy or functionality, age, disability, racism, incarceration, migration and the specific difficulties faced by refugees and stateless persons.

Moreover, it recognizes the particular plight of those deprived of basic resources such as water and soap to maintain elementary hygiene, and draws attention to the difficulty of social distancing in overcrowded conditions prevailing in slums and refugee camps for example. The report also draws attention to the heightened risk of domestic violence in conditions of confinement and isolation.

The statement expresses UNESCO's conviction that the war on COVID-19 requires collective recognition of these emerging and growing vulnerabilities to ensure that health and social policy responses all around the world leave no one behind.

Pandemics highlight the interdependency of States in making protective equipment available, formulating public health policies and boosting scientific research of the highest standards. In their statement, the IBC and COMEST call for action to tackle worsening conditions of vulnerability and urge countries to develop strategies to address them.

The experts also appeal to governments and the international community to take urgent action through international cooperation in the spirit of solidarity, underlining the responsibility of rich countries to help poor nations. In such emergencies, political decisions need to be grounded in science and guided by ethics. Stigmatization and discrimination must be avoided to ensure effective public health measures while scientific research and health measures need to overcome political, geographical and cultural divides.

UNESCO, the World Health Organization and national bioethics and ethics committees have worked closely together to assist Member States in developing sound policies on ethical issues. This cooperation is being stepped up to address the challenges of the present crisis. The IBC and COMEST Statement on COVID-19 will be a central reference in this undertaking and be used by UNESCO and its partners as a tool for capacity building.

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Media contact: Roni Amelan, r.amelan@unesco.org

See also:

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UNESCO experts urge collective responsibility to protect vulnerable persons in global battle against COVID-19

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The statement highlights the importance of recognizing the vulnerability of those affected by poverty, discrimination, violence, gender, pre-existing illness, loss of autonomy or functionality, age, disability, racism, incarceration, migration and the specific difficulties faced by refugees and stateless persons.

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Why Does Ethics Matter in Responding to COVID-19? 

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Why Does Ethics Matter in Responding to COVID-19? 

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Interview of Phinith Chanthalangsy, Unit Head for the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa, in Diamond FM Mutare, Zimbabwe, 23 April 2020

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The UNESCO Office in Harare was initially established in 1986 as a sub-regional office for education in Southern Africa, with a special emphasis on higher education.

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2005 Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

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2005 Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

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Since the 1970s, the field of bioethics has grown considerably. While it is true that bioethics today includes medical ethics issues, its originality lies in the fact that it goes much further than the various professional codes of ethics concerned. It entails reflection on societal changes and even on global balances brought about by scientific and technological developments. To the already difficult question posed by life sciences – How far can we go? – other queries must be added concerning the relationship between ethics, science and freedom.

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Since the 1970s, the field of bioethics has grown considerably. While it is true that bioethics today includes medical ethics issues, its originality lies in the fact that it goes much further than the various professional codes of ethics concerned. It entails reflection on societal changes and even on global balances brought about by scientific and technological developments. To the already difficult question posed by life sciences - How far can we go? - other queries must be added concerning the relationship between ethics, science and freedom.

Full text (adopted by UNESCO's General Conference on 19 October 2005)
English | Français | Español | العربية | 中文 | Русский

The background

A growing number of scientific practices have extended beyond national borders and the necessity of setting universal ethical guidelines covering all issues raised in the field of bioethics and the need to promote the emergence of shared values have increasingly been a feature of the international debate. The need for standard-setting action in the field of bioethics is felt throughout the world, often expressed by scientists and practitioners themselves and by lawmakers and citizens.

States have a special responsibility not only with respect to bioethical reflection but also in the drafting of any legislation that may follow. In the field of bioethics, whilst many States have framed laws and regulations aimed at protecting human dignity and human rights and freedoms, many other countries wish to establish benchmarks and sometimes lack the means to do so.

At its 31st session in 2001, the General Conference invited the Director-General to submit "the technical and legal studies undertaken regarding the possibility of elaborating universal norms on bioethics".

At the request of the Director-General, the International Bioethics Committee (IBC) therefore drafted the Report of the IBC on the Report of the IBC on the Possibility of Elaborating a Universal Instrument on Bioethics [PDF, 82 KB] finalized on 13 June 2003. The Report examines some issues in bioethics that could be addressed in an international instrument and illustrates how the elaboration of such an instrument could contribute to and support international efforts being made to provide ethical guidelines in matters related to recent scientific developments. The Report explores the likely form and scope of an instrument as well as its value in terms of education, information dissemination, awareness-raising and public debate.

The mandate

At its 32nd session in October 2003, the General Conference considered that it was "opportune and desirable to set universal standards in the field of bioethics with due regard for human dignity and human rights and freedoms, in the spirit of cultural pluralism inherent in bioethics" (32 C/Res. 24).

The General Conference also invited "the Director-General to continue preparatory work on a declaration on universal norms on bioethics, by holding consultation with Member States, the other international organizations concerned and relevant national bodies, and to submit a draft declaration to it at its 33rd session" (32 C/Res. 24).

Which instrument?

As to the form of the instrument, IBC - supported by Member States during the General Conference - came out clearly in favour of an instrument of a declaratory nature, at least initially, which would be best suited to a constantly changing context and would enable the broadest possible consensus to be reached among Member States.

The form of the instrument does not prevent its content from contributing to a code of universally recognized general principles of bioethics (such as human dignity, solidarity, freedom of research, respect for privacy, confidentiality, non-discrimination, informed consent, integrity of research and intellectual honesty) insofar as these principles pertain to bioethics. Lastly, an instrument on bioethics must call strong attention to the importance of awareness-raising, information, education, consultation and public debate.

Why UNESCO?

Over the years UNESCO has confirmed its standard-setting role in bioethics. UNESCO has contributed to the formulation of basic principles in bioethics through in particular the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, adopted unanimously and by acclamation by the General Conference in 1997 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1998, and the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data, adopted unanimously and by acclamation by the General Conference on 16 October 2003.

Apart from the fact that ethical issues related to the advances in life sciences and their applications were and still are highly topical, the depth and extent of their roots in the cultural, philosophical and religious bedrocks of various human communities were reason enough for UNESCO, the only organization whose fields of competence include the social and human sciences, true to its ethical vocation, to take the lead in this initiative.

Which procedure?

UNESCO was obviously not able to embark alone on such an undertaking. If the first steps of the elaboration of the declaration were entrusted to IBC, in close consultation with the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC), only the participation of all the actors concerned could ensure that all the different perceptions of ethical and legal issues were taken into account.

As explicitly requested by Member States, wide-ranging consultations and hearings were therefore held from the very beginning of the elaboration of the declaration in order to involve in particular States, the United Nations and the other specialized agencies of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and appropriate national bodies and specialists.

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Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

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Since the 1970s, the field of bioethics has grown considerably. While it is true that bioethics today includes medical ethics issues, its originality lies in the fact that it goes much further than the various professional codes of ethics concerned. It entails reflection on societal changes and even on global balances brought about by scientific and technological developments.

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The Principle of Respect for Human Vulnerability and Personal Integrity: Report of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO (IBC)

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The Principle of Respect for Human Vulnerability and Personal Integrity: Report of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO (IBC)

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Report of UNESCO's International Bioethics Committee (IBC) on the Principle of the Sharing of Benefits, 2015

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Report of UNESCO's International Bioethics Committee (IBC) on the Principle of the Sharing of Benefits, 2015

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The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO

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The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO

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The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) is a body of 36 independent experts that follows progress in the life sciences and its applications in order to ensure respect for human dignity and freedom. It was created in 1993.

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Based on the discussions during the 24th (Ordinary) Session of the International Bioethics Committee (Paris, September 2017), and based on the conclusions of the 10th (Ordinary) Session of the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (Paris, June 2017), the Bureau of the IBC finalized in September 2017 the work programme of the Committee for 2018-2019 as follows:

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The World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) of UNESCO

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The World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) of UNESCO

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The World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology COMEST is an advisory body and forum of reflection that was set up by UNESCO in 1998.

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The World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology COMEST* is an advisory body and forum of reflection that was set up by UNESCO in 1998.

The Commission is composed of eighteen leading scholars from scientific, legal, philosophical, cultural and political disciplines from various regions of the world, appointed by the UNESCO Director-General in their individual capacity, along with eleven ex officio members representing UNESCO's international science programmes and global science communities.

The Commission is mandated to formulate ethical principles that could provide decision-makers with criteria that extend beyond purely economic considerations.

COMEST works in several areas: environmental ethics, with reference inter alia to climate change, biodiversity, water and disaster prevention; the ethics of nanotechnologies along with related new and emerging issues in converging technologies; ethical issues relating to the technologies of the information society; science ethics; and gender issues in ethics of science and technology.

Since its inception in 1998, the functioning of COMEST has been guided by its Statutes adopted by the UNESCO Executive Board at its 154th session.

* Acronym taken from the French name 'Commission mondiale d'éthique des connaissances scientifiques et des technologies'.

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World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST)

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The World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology COMEST* is an advisory body and forum of reflection that was set up by UNESCO in 1998.

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2017 Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change

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2017 Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change

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The UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change solemnly expresses the concern of UNESCO Member States that climate change could create morally unacceptable damage and injustice.

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The UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change solemnly expresses the concern of UNESCO Member States that climate change could create morally unacceptable damage and injustice.
Some 195 states joined a UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change on 13 November 2017, when meeting in Paris at the 39th session of UNESCO's General Conference. They called for global partners to mobilize around these principles.

This Declaration sets out a shortlist of the globally-agreed ethical principles that should guide decision-making and policy-making at all levels and help mobilize people to address climate change. The ethical guidance of this UNESCO Declaration is supposed to complement states' other multilateral efforts including negotiated commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and scientific assessments organized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Among other things, the new Declaration advocates that "prevention of harm" is one of the important ethical principles in relation to climate change. To comply with it, people should aim to "anticipate, avoid or minimize harm, wherever it might emerge, from climate change, as well as from climate mitigation and adaptation policies and actions."

Among the other ethical principles, one is exclusively about "scientific knowledge and integrity in decision-making". It says that "decisions should be based on, and guided by, the best available knowledge from the natural and social sciences". It adds that states should "take measures which help protect and maintain the independence of science and the integrity of the scientific process".

Other ethical principles identified are: solidarity, sustainability, justice and equity and a precautionary approach. This declaration builds on the previous work of UNESCO on the ethical principles in relations to climate change.

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Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change

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The UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change solemnly expresses the concern of UNESCO Member States that climate change could create morally unacceptable damage and injustice. Some 195 states joined a UNESCO Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to Climate Change on 13 November 2017, when meeting in Paris at the 39th session of UNESCO's General Conference.

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A view from Solidarity in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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A view from Solidarity in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Johan Hattingh, Stellenbosh University (South Africa) is calling for a concrete implementation of the principle of solidarity in protecting the most vulnerable, in particular during national lockdown.

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Solidarity in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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This UNESCO's Initiative is a collective endeavor in times of major crisis

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This UNESCO's Initiative is a collective endeavor in times of major crisis

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The UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa based in Harare is very grateful for the personal commitment and contribution of the experts who, despite and in particularly difficult circumstances, have spared no efforts in making this Initiative possible.

This effort benefited from the valuable support and contribution of the  Bioethics and Ethics of Science Section at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris (France), the UNESCO Regional Office in Abuja (Nigeria), the UNESCO Regional Office in Dakar (Senegal), the UNESCO Regional Office for Central Africa in Yaoundé  (Cameroon), the UNESCO Regional Office for Eastern Africa in Nairobi (Kenya), the UNESCO Office in Beirut (Lebanon), and the UNESCO Office in Cairo (Egypt).

Videos designed by Afro Vision Trust

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The ideas and opinions expressed in these videos are those of the experts; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Institution.

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This Initiative is driven by Phinith Chanthalangsy, Head of the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO Office for Southern Africa.
p.chanthalangsy@unesco.org

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UNESCO Website on Ethical Frameworks on COVID-19 Responses

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UNESCO Website on Ethical Frameworks on COVID-19 Responses

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In their Joint Statement on COVID-19: Ethical Considerations from a Global Perspective, UNESCO's International Bioethics Committee (IBC) and UNESCO's World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) insisted that "a bioethics and ethics of science and technology perspective, rooted in human rights, should play a key role in the context of this challenging pandemic".

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UNESCO provides Ethical Frameworks to COVID-19 Responses

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In their Joint Statement on COVID-19: Ethical Considerations from a Global Perspective, UNESCO's International Bioethics Committee (IBC) and UNESCO's World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) insisted that "a bioethics and ethics of science and technology perspective, rooted in human rights, should play a key role in the context of this challenging pandemic".

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Ethics and digital technologies in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Ethics and digital technologies in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Peter-Paul Verbeek (Netherlands), Chairperson of UNESCO’s World Commission on Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technologies (COMEST), sheds light on the responsible use of digital technologies, especially after the exit of national lockdown.

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Ethics and digital technologies in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Scientific and ethical research in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Scientific and ethical research in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Dr. Hervé Chneiweiss (France), Chairperson of UNESCO’s International Bioethics Committee (IBC), insists that no emergency could preclude governments from strictly ethical standards of research, and on equal share of scientific benefits from research in all continents.

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Scientific and ethical research in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Responsibility to anticipate in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Responsibility to anticipate in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Marie-Geneviève Pinsart (Belgium), Member of UNESCO’s International Bioethics Committee (IBC), Free University of Brussels, underlines the importance of the principle of anticipation, a standard in public health, to ensure preparedness in the face of pandemics.

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Responsibility to anticipate in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Ethical and scientific communication in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Ethical and scientific communication in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Vitoria Afonso Langa de Jesus, Executive Director of the National Research Fund (FNI), Mozambique, highlights the importance of scientifically valid communication and information in times of a major health crisis.

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Ethical and scientific communication in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Caring for the Carers in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Caring for the Carers in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Ames Dhai, Chairperson of the South Africa National Bioethics Committee, shares her views on how the principle of reciprocity vis-à-vis health care workers shall be dealt with in times of shortages of medical resources and pandemics.

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Caring for the Carers in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Caring for mental illnesses in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Caring for mental illnesses in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Sami Richa, Member of the Lebanese Consultative Committee of Ethics, draws our attention to the particular vulnerability of persons with mental illnesses in times of COVID-19.

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Caring for mental illnesses in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Paradoxes, uncertainties and obligation to act in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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Paradoxes, uncertainties and obligation to act in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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In this video, Prof. Ali Benmakhlouf (France), Senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France (University Institute of France), Paris-Est Creteil University, highlights our fundamental interdependence in exercising our collective freedom, especially in times of major crisis.

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Paradoxes, uncertainties and obligation to act in times of COVID-19 pandemic

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UNESCO STATEMENT ON COVID-19: ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FROM A GLOBALPERSPECTIVE

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UNESCO STATEMENT ON COVID-19: ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FROM A GLOBALPERSPECTIVE

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Statement of the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee (IBC), and the UNESCO World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST)

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UNESCO IBC-COMEST Statement on COVID-19-en-final

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Ethical Guidelines to Mitigate the Unforeseen Consequences in times of COVID-19 Pandemic 

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Ethical Guidelines to Mitigate the Unforeseen Consequences in times of COVID-19 Pandemic 

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In this video, Prof. Alice Mutungi, Chairperson of the National Bioethics Committee, (Kenya), calls on governments to anticipate and prevent unforeseen impacts of COVID-19 related responses on the most vulnerable.

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Ethical Guidelines to Mitigate the Unforeseen Consequences in times of COVID-19 Pandemic