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ScienceDirect (n.d). Enhanced Oil Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/enhanced-oil-recovery

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GMO Plants, Photo taken from Kimberton Whole foods

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GMO plants can be positive for the environment they have some drawbacks as well. According to the same article of Brookes and Barfoot, weed resistance that are similar to GMO plants to herbicides are also increasing, because of this farmers will usually use different chemicals to control weed which adds to the problem of carbon emissions. Another problem related to GMOs according to Acker & et al., is pest resistance, like weed resistance, because of the GMOs designed to resist pests, insects are now able to evolve and adapt to bypass this protection. Not only does this affect farming but the environment as a whole as it forces farmers to resort back to the use of pesticides.

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With a population of 3,163,190 (in 2020) people, Pangasinan is the most populated with province in Region 1 with a percentage of 59.67% (2020) and 2.90% (2020) in the entire Philippines.

Photo from: Inquirer (2016).

Street dancing opens Bangus Festival in Dagupan. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/778890/street-dancing-opens-bangus-festival-in-dagupan

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Average Global Temperature Increase from 1880 to 2021 (0.85 degrees C increase)

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It is no surprise that the world is heating up. The increasing temperature causes the two major seasons in the Philippines to have effects, heavier rainy season and hotter dry seasons, to both agriculture and aquaculture work in Pangasinan. Many people lived in either of these work and if it gets affected they may not have anywhere else to go. Not to mention the countless other people relying on their output.

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Photo taken from: PhilAtlas (n.d.) Pangasinan Profile. Retrieved from https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r01/pangasinan.html

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The name owes itself to the large salt beds found in the coasts of Pangasinan which is the livelihood of the people living there.

Photo taken from: Specialty Food (n.d.)

Ilocano Asin. Retrieved from https://www.specialtyfood.com/products/product/40110/ilocano-asin/

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5,450 square kilometers of space with a total of 44 municipalities and 4 cities. Its bordered by, in clockwise (starting at 12), are Lingayen Gulf, La Union, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, and the South China Sea.

Photo taken from: PhilAtlas (n.d.) Pangasinan Profile. Retrieved from https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r01/pangasinan.html

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Due to its geological position, most people travelling further north often passes through Pangasinan.

Photo taken from: Philippines Cities (n.d.)

Region 1 (Ilocos Region). Retrieved from https://philippinescities.com/region-1-ilocos-region/

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Majority of the people of Pangasinan speak Iloko, otherwise known as, Ilocano. It is the third most spoken dialect in the Philippines.

Photo taken from: Clipart World (n.d.) PEOPLE TALKING CLIPART FREE. Retrieved from https://clipart.world/people-clipart/people-talking-clipart-free/

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Pangasinan farmers are aware of climate change and are willing to adapt in order to adjust to the climate such as using natural farming methods in order to mitigate climate change. (Briones & Silvestre, 2017).

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Apart from farming, fishing is also one of the common production in Pangasinan. The most common fished are the bangus (milkfish) and malaga.

Photo taken from: Wikipedia (n.d.) Milkfish. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkfish

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Common processed goods made in Pangasinan are bagoong and alamang.

Photo taken from: Wikipedia (n.d.) Bagoong. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong

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Climate change photo taken from NICCDIES

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According to the National Integrated Climate Change Database and Information Exchange System (NICCDIES) of the Philippines, Climate change reduces rice yields of about 10% for every 1 degree Celsius in temperature increase in the dry season. This can also increase sea levels which can force coastal cities to evacuate. Harsher rains and more intense droughts can also affect many farmers and fishermen resulting in fewer yields.

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Climate change and its effects to agriculture and aquaculture

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The most common harvest in Pangasinan is palay or rice and covering an area of
253,182 hectares (2531.82 square km). The next most produced is corn and vegetables, such as okra, squash, and eggplants).

Photo taken from: Daily Tribune (2021).

Pangasinan LGU eyes ‘direct buying’ from farmers. Retrieved from https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/11/06/pangasinan-lgu-eyes-direct-buying-from-farmers/

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GMO Plants, Photo taken from Kimberton Whole foods

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Though GMO plants are not news anymore, researches are still continuing to improve upon it. According to Brookes and Barfoot, The common GMO plants used have insect and herbicide resistance. This allows for a more eco-friendly approach as it uses the needed chemicals to maintain crops.

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In relation to the climate change problem, life on land can be put in danger

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A large portion of the land used in Pangasinan is used for farming at 1606.97 sq Km (29.49% of land) (PSA, 2018). If we account for private properties, industry and tourism, a lot of the used land can actually contribute to land degradation and lowers wildlife biodiversity.

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CCS technology despite its promise, still has glaring drawbacks that makes it hard to implement to every factory. According to the same article from Dwortzan, the cost of implementing the technology such as in policies are very expensive on its own. Continuing on, the storage of carbon on the ground can be dangerous as it can be combusted from mining oil, which continues the problem of pollution further if it were to happen.

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According to Patnaik (2018), industrialization is the gateway that pushed both technology and economy but at the cost of our ecology. With the use of more technology, specifically in farming and industry in Pangasinan, the carbon footprint increases as well as stressing our sources of natural resources. This causes pollution to the land, sea, and air that not only humans get affected but also the wildlife in all three as well. In conclusion, what we have done to nature as humans has come back to haunt us.

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The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has already taken steps to ensure that some lands are preserved such as that of the Hundred Islands Natural Park and the Manleluag Spring Protected Landscape.

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Around 20% of the world emissions are from industry, while solutions have risen, such as cleaner energy, it cannot output enough for the demand. Thus technologies such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), this technology captures the carbon emissions directly and stores them underground, which essentially eliminates around 90% of emissions from reaching the atmosphere. (Dwortzan, 2021).

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Briones, B. & Silvestre, P. (2017). Baseline Information on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Pangasinan, Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/APJMR-2017.5.4.3.01.pdf

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Brookes, G. & Barfoot, P. (2018). Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996-2016: Impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645698.2018.1476792?scroll=top&needAccess=true
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Dwortzan, M. (2021). Reducing industrial carbon emissions. Retrieved from https://news.mit.edu/2021/reducing-emissions-decarbonizing-industry-0721

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NICCDIES (n.d.) CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS. Retrieved from https://niccdies.climate.gov.ph/climate-change-impacts

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Philippine Statistics Authority (2018). Pangasinan QuickStat - June 2018. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/pangasinan-quickstat-june-2018

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Patnaik, R. (2018). Impact of Industrialization on Environment and Sustainable Solutions – Reflections from a South Indian Region. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/120/1/012016