# data[].attributes.headline
This e-portfolio will describe my integrative practice. It will detail the interventions I use and the reasons behind this. It will refer to theory and evidence-base throughout. Looking at the therapeutic relationship, common factors, and different therapeutic approaches along with their strengths and limitations. Power dynamics and diversity in the therapeutic relationship will be discussed, I will refer to my own reflection and supervision and why I choose the methods included. 

# data[].attributes.subject
This e-portfolio will describe my integrative practice. It will detail the interventions I use and the reasons behind this. It will refer to theory and evidence-base throughout. Looking at the therapeutic relationship, common factors, and different therapeutic approaches along with their strengths and limitations. Power dynamics and diversity in the therapeutic relationship will be discussed, I will refer to my own reflection and supervision and why I choose the methods included. 

# data[].attributes.headline
According to the BACP (2022), Integrative practice has various benefits with being very well rounded and personalised for the client, it can help with a range of short- and long-term issues, including, depression, anxiety, bereavement, trauma, low self-esteem, addictions, and relationships. O’Brian and Houston (2007) stated, the idea is maintained in integrative counselling that human psychology can be explored and understood in numerous ways, one theory alone does not hold the answer. All theories are valuable, even with the contradictions in their foundational principles, which is why they need to be integrated. Each person must be viewed as a whole, with techniques being tailored to their individual circumstances and needs (Corey 2012). The BACP (2022) says, an integrated therapist thinks that there is no one therapy technique that can serve a client in every scenario. Instead, they consider you as an individual and your circumstances.

# data[].attributes.subject
According to the BACP (2022), Integrative practice has various benefits with being very well rounded and personalised for the client, it can help with a range of short- and long-term issues, including, depression, anxiety, bereavement, trauma, low self-esteem, addictions, and relationships. O’Brian and Houston (2007) stated, the idea is maintained in integrative counselling that human psychology can be explored and understood in numerous ways, one theory alone does not hold the answer. All theories are valuable, even with the contradictions in their foundational principles, which is why they need to be integrated. Each person must be viewed as a whole, with techniques being tailored to their individual circumstances and needs (Corey 2012). The BACP (2022) says, an integrated therapist thinks that there is no one therapy technique that can serve a client in every scenario. Instead, they consider you as an individual and your circumstances.

# data[].attributes.body
Figure 1, An Integrative Model of Counselling (Holm-Hadullah 2011)

# data[].attributes.headline
Integrative Counselling can be categorised into four different models: •	Assimilative Integration •	Common Factors•	Theoretical Integration•	Technical Eclecticism

# data[].attributes.subject
Integrative Counselling can be categorised into four different models: •	Assimilative Integration •	Common Factors•	Theoretical Integration•	Technical Eclecticism

# data[].attributes.headline
According to Castonguay et al (2015), The assimilative approach sticks to one core model, such as Psychodynamic, but also using strategies from other therapeutic approaches. Therapists who have a solid foundation in a specific model and then go on to train in another model can offer clients a more rich and varied experience. However, Wachtel (2014) says, if the therapist has not trained thoroughly in a particular model, i.e., conversations with colleagues or brief workshops, this can lead to a clash between the approaches causing the client to feel confused. According to Lampropoulos (2001), this approach allows the therapist to work how they feel will benefit the client, all the while benefiting from the effectiveness of other techniques. 

# data[].attributes.subject
According to Castonguay et al (2015), The assimilative approach sticks to one core model, such as Psychodynamic, but also using strategies from other therapeutic approaches. Therapists who have a solid foundation in a specific model and then go on to train in another model can offer clients a more rich and varied experience. However, Wachtel (2014) says, if the therapist has not trained thoroughly in a particular model, i.e., conversations with colleagues or brief workshops, this can lead to a clash between the approaches causing the client to feel confused. According to Lampropoulos (2001), this approach allows the therapist to work how they feel will benefit the client, all the while benefiting from the effectiveness of other techniques. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Common factors are a combination of factors, including theory, research, interventions, and the relationship. It is believed when these are used together, a model of integration is created within counselling (Lambert and Bergen 1994). According to Browne et al (2021), these factors are present among psychotherapies, and are considered important in cultivating a positive therapeutic outcome. It is undecided whether these factors alone are sufficient for a positive outcome or if further therapies are to be used. However, the common factors are of significant value and should be used in delivering therapy (Wampold 2015).

# data[].attributes.subject
Common factors are a combination of factors, including theory, research, interventions, and the relationship. It is believed when these are used together, a model of integration is created within counselling (Lambert and Bergen 1994). According to Browne et al (2021), these factors are present among psychotherapies, and are considered important in cultivating a positive therapeutic outcome. It is undecided whether these factors alone are sufficient for a positive outcome or if further therapies are to be used. However, the common factors are of significant value and should be used in delivering therapy (Wampold 2015).

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
                                                                         Figure 2. Structural and Client-Centred Theories (Cheung & Leung 2008)

# data[].attributes.headline
Erskine (2015), says, Theoretical Integration aims to create a synthesis of complementing theories, working together rather than against each other. An example of this would be synthesising relational perspectives with developmental perspectives. Used together they create the concept that a person's development is impacted by the relationship with the caregiver, which in turn impacts how a person manages their relationships as an adult. A person would need to have attuned and good relationships to heal and move forward positively from past traumas. However, using two theories that have opposing views could be confusing for the client, an example would be, using PCT in one instance and then CBT, as one is a directive approach and the other is not. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Erskine (2015), says, Theoretical Integration aims to create a synthesis of complementing theories, working together rather than against each other. An example of this would be synthesising relational perspectives with developmental perspectives. Used together they create the concept that a person's development is impacted by the relationship with the caregiver, which in turn impacts how a person manages their relationships as an adult. A person would need to have attuned and good relationships to heal and move forward positively from past traumas. However, using two theories that have opposing views could be confusing for the client, an example would be, using PCT in one instance and then CBT, as one is a directive approach and the other is not. 

# data[].attributes.headline
According to Barth and Moody (2019), In Technical Eclecticism, the therapist would select the most appropriate interventions. The therapist would have a strong reliance on what has worked previously for others, using research literature and theories they feel are suitable for the client. This model encourages the use of varying strategies, without the hindrance of thinking about the differences in theories. However, Holm-Hadullah et al (2011) says, there may not be an understandable conceptual framework, which can create a fragmented mix of theory, as it will be unclear in establishing how certain techniques may integrate well together (Holm-Hadullah et al 2011).

# data[].attributes.subject
According to Barth and Moody (2019), In Technical Eclecticism, the therapist would select the most appropriate interventions. The therapist would have a strong reliance on what has worked previously for others, using research literature and theories they feel are suitable for the client. This model encourages the use of varying strategies, without the hindrance of thinking about the differences in theories. However, Holm-Hadullah et al (2011) says, there may not be an understandable conceptual framework, which can create a fragmented mix of theory, as it will be unclear in establishing how certain techniques may integrate well together (Holm-Hadullah et al 2011).

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 3. 6 advantages and disadvantages in technical eclecticism (Lorecentral.org

# data[].attributes.headline
Common factors are numerous counselling components that are theorised to be present among all counselling theories (Tschacher et al 2014). According to Wampold (2015), there is evidence to support the conclusion that common factors are significant for producing the advantages in psychotherapy. Evidence using meta-analyses is shown for certain common factors, including, empathy, alliance, expectations, therapist differences and cultural adaptation. The study shows that the alliance which consists of three components is a crucial common factor. Evidence shows common factors should be considered therapeutic, and in terms of research, theory and practice attention should be given to them. However, a criticism of common factors is that they are an atheoretical compilation of commonalities. I use common factors in my practice with clients, as I feel they are essential in building a positive therapeutic relationship, allowing my clients to feel valued and able to trust me as their therapist. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Common factors are numerous counselling components that are theorised to be present among all counselling theories (Tschacher et al 2014). According to Wampold (2015), there is evidence to support the conclusion that common factors are significant for producing the advantages in psychotherapy. Evidence using meta-analyses is shown for certain common factors, including, empathy, alliance, expectations, therapist differences and cultural adaptation. The study shows that the alliance which consists of three components is a crucial common factor. Evidence shows common factors should be considered therapeutic, and in terms of research, theory and practice attention should be given to them. However, a criticism of common factors is that they are an atheoretical compilation of commonalities. I use common factors in my practice with clients, as I feel they are essential in building a positive therapeutic relationship, allowing my clients to feel valued and able to trust me as their therapist. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 4. Building Therapeutic Relationships. (Fitzgerald 2016)

# data[].attributes.headline
The therapeutic relationship, also known as the therapeutic alliance, is a term used to establish how the client and counsellor connect with each other and model their relationship. The therapeutic relationship forms and shapes the foundation of all counselling work (Follett et al 2001). Atzil-Slonim et al (2015) states, In the psychodynamic approach, the therapist will focus on developing and sustaining a strong therapeutic relationship between the client and the therapist by employing an unconditional respect and accepting approach for the client. This will serve as the foundation for therapeutic work, allowing the client to completely open up their unconscious mind and address conflicts and dysfunctional defence systems. Geller and Porges (2014) stated, from the moment the counsellor and client meet, is the very moment the therapeutic relationship begins. Building a strong relationship can empower the client to explore deeper into issues they are facing and feel a sense of confidence in ‘opening up’ to the counsellor (Akpotor and Johnson 2018). 

# data[].attributes.subject
The therapeutic relationship, also known as the therapeutic alliance, is a term used to establish how the client and counsellor connect with each other and model their relationship. The therapeutic relationship forms and shapes the foundation of all counselling work (Follett et al 2001). Atzil-Slonim et al (2015) states, In the psychodynamic approach, the therapist will focus on developing and sustaining a strong therapeutic relationship between the client and the therapist by employing an unconditional respect and accepting approach for the client. This will serve as the foundation for therapeutic work, allowing the client to completely open up their unconscious mind and address conflicts and dysfunctional defence systems. Geller and Porges (2014) stated, from the moment the counsellor and client meet, is the very moment the therapeutic relationship begins. Building a strong relationship can empower the client to explore deeper into issues they are facing and feel a sense of confidence in ‘opening up’ to the counsellor (Akpotor and Johnson 2018). 

# data[].attributes.headline
Without the therapeutic relationship, there would be no basis for work to take place within counselling (Norcross 2010). It is essential in ensuring needs are met from the beginning. Research has shown that the therapeutic relationship is developed through a shared feeling of respect, trust, honesty, and genuine care. This enables reassurance, confidence, honesty, and openness, which paves the way for the client to work towards self-acceptance, and ensures legal, ethical, and professional processes are being complied with (Lambert and Barley 2001). 

# data[].attributes.subject
Without the therapeutic relationship, there would be no basis for work to take place within counselling (Norcross 2010). It is essential in ensuring needs are met from the beginning. Research has shown that the therapeutic relationship is developed through a shared feeling of respect, trust, honesty, and genuine care. This enables reassurance, confidence, honesty, and openness, which paves the way for the client to work towards self-acceptance, and ensures legal, ethical, and professional processes are being complied with (Lambert and Barley 2001). 

# data[].attributes.headline
However, barriers to the therapeutic relationship can occur, including, 	Language barriers	No boundaries within the client-counsellor relationship, these could be, sexual advances, being over friendly.	Attachment issues or previous trauma

# data[].attributes.subject
However, barriers to the therapeutic relationship can occur, including, 	Language barriers	No boundaries within the client-counsellor relationship, these could be, sexual advances, being over friendly.	Attachment issues or previous trauma

# data[].attributes.headline
Jones (2004), stated, outside relationships can also impact the therapeutic relationship, transference and countertransference can play a crucial role. An example of this could be, the therapist reminding the client of a person from their past. This can be positive or negative, and an unconscious part of the interaction. The therapist must always take this into account and find a suitable way to deal with the transference (Zetzel 2018).

# data[].attributes.subject
Jones (2004), stated, outside relationships can also impact the therapeutic relationship, transference and countertransference can play a crucial role. An example of this could be, the therapist reminding the client of a person from their past. This can be positive or negative, and an unconscious part of the interaction. The therapist must always take this into account and find a suitable way to deal with the transference (Zetzel 2018).

# data[].attributes.headline
Clarkson's (2003), Integrative Therapeutic Model discusses the I/thou, real relationship. This is something I use in my practice with clients, as I feel being genuine and bringing my whole self into the relationship is crucial for a positive therapeutic relationship, and I remind myself that although it is a professional relationship, it is also a real relationship. Clarkson’s relationship model also talks about the reparenting stage. I feel this is an important stage as with transference and attachment issues, clients will need to re-experience the therapist as their mother or father, to receive the positive reflection (Kohut 1977) they did not receive as a child.

# data[].attributes.subject
Clarkson's (2003), Integrative Therapeutic Model discusses the I/thou, real relationship. This is something I use in my practice with clients, as I feel being genuine and bringing my whole self into the relationship is crucial for a positive therapeutic relationship, and I remind myself that although it is a professional relationship, it is also a real relationship. Clarkson’s relationship model also talks about the reparenting stage. I feel this is an important stage as with transference and attachment issues, clients will need to re-experience the therapist as their mother or father, to receive the positive reflection (Kohut 1977) they did not receive as a child.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 5. Relationship Psychology – Clarkson’s Five Relationships. (Walker 2019)

# data[].attributes.headline
I believe our childhood relationships with caregivers impact us positively or negatively as adults. My father left our family when I was four years old, this had a very negative impact on me. I grew up feeling abandoned and rejected (Iwaniec 2006). This has led me to self-sabotage my adult relationships as I believe things will eventually go wrong anyway. Bowlby’s theory would describe this as an insecure attachment (Bowlby 2018). Working around attachment issues can lead a person toward living a rich and fulfilling life (Howe 2011). 

# data[].attributes.subject
I believe our childhood relationships with caregivers impact us positively or negatively as adults. My father left our family when I was four years old, this had a very negative impact on me. I grew up feeling abandoned and rejected (Iwaniec 2006). This has led me to self-sabotage my adult relationships as I believe things will eventually go wrong anyway. Bowlby’s theory would describe this as an insecure attachment (Bowlby 2018). Working around attachment issues can lead a person toward living a rich and fulfilling life (Howe 2011). 

# data[].attributes.headline
People have the capacity to be good and bad, life is not black and white, there is a grey area (Tolan and Cameron 2016). I have experienced this with myself and people around me throughout my life, depending on what a person believes to be good will follow that path (Wood and Petriglieri 2005). I as the therapist am the facilitator of change. Although I am there to aid the client in making positive changes, I feel the client must be willing to want to change to progress forward with their counselling journey. I believe every person has the right to be respected and treated fairly. Justice is something that is important to me. As a child I felt I was not treated fairly, and seen the same with people around me, so now as an adult, I strive to ensure people are treated fairly (BACP 2022). 

# data[].attributes.subject
People have the capacity to be good and bad, life is not black and white, there is a grey area (Tolan and Cameron 2016). I have experienced this with myself and people around me throughout my life, depending on what a person believes to be good will follow that path (Wood and Petriglieri 2005). I as the therapist am the facilitator of change. Although I am there to aid the client in making positive changes, I feel the client must be willing to want to change to progress forward with their counselling journey. I believe every person has the right to be respected and treated fairly. Justice is something that is important to me. As a child I felt I was not treated fairly, and seen the same with people around me, so now as an adult, I strive to ensure people are treated fairly (BACP 2022). 

# data[].attributes.headline
Being a Christian has also taught me the value in people being respected and treated equally (Wyatt 2004). PCT also looks at a persons value and worth, and encourages the person to acknowledge this, as a lot of client’s present with conditions of worth which is a consequence of receiving conditional positive regard from people around us (Woodward 2020). I believe, as human beings we strive to be in relationship with each other, and search for meaning throughout their lives, before I became a Christian, I would wonder why I am here, what my purpose is, I would constantly look for the meaning behind my existence (Yalom 2001). 

# data[].attributes.subject
Being a Christian has also taught me the value in people being respected and treated equally (Wyatt 2004). PCT also looks at a persons value and worth, and encourages the person to acknowledge this, as a lot of client’s present with conditions of worth which is a consequence of receiving conditional positive regard from people around us (Woodward 2020). I believe, as human beings we strive to be in relationship with each other, and search for meaning throughout their lives, before I became a Christian, I would wonder why I am here, what my purpose is, I would constantly look for the meaning behind my existence (Yalom 2001). 

# data[].attributes.headline
My thoughts are, my integrative stance is impacted by my life’s experiences, for example, my relationship issues stem back from the relationship I had with my dad, so to me psychodynamic is the way forward, because you can find the root cause by looking back. I realise that relationships are important to allow people to learn to trust, for this I use PCT interventions. I believe having a greater inner peace and security will give us greater freedom.

# data[].attributes.subject
My thoughts are, my integrative stance is impacted by my life’s experiences, for example, my relationship issues stem back from the relationship I had with my dad, so to me psychodynamic is the way forward, because you can find the root cause by looking back. I realise that relationships are important to allow people to learn to trust, for this I use PCT interventions. I believe having a greater inner peace and security will give us greater freedom.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 6. Developing your personal leadership philosophy. (O’Sherman 2016)

# data[].attributes.headline
I use an assimilative stance (Stricker and Gold 1996) in my practice, with the Psychodynamic approach being my core modality as I am drawn to exploring the root cause of a person’s issues, while assimilating aspects of Person-Centred Therapy (PCT). Using the psychodynamic approach along with PCT can be conflicting, as PCT looks at the here and now, current problems, along with the conscious mind. Clients can often become out of touch with the belief in self-actualisation, as they introject the evaluation of other people and believe they are their own evaluations (Mearns and Thorne 2013). 

# data[].attributes.subject
I use an assimilative stance (Stricker and Gold 1996) in my practice, with the Psychodynamic approach being my core modality as I am drawn to exploring the root cause of a person’s issues, while assimilating aspects of Person-Centred Therapy (PCT). Using the psychodynamic approach along with PCT can be conflicting, as PCT looks at the here and now, current problems, along with the conscious mind. Clients can often become out of touch with the belief in self-actualisation, as they introject the evaluation of other people and believe they are their own evaluations (Mearns and Thorne 2013). 

# data[].attributes.headline
Whereas the psychodynamic approach concentrates on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences to explore unresolved conflicts impacting people today (Kets de Vries and Cheak 2014). The person-centred approach has an aim of helping the client move towards self-actualisation, and the positive belief in the ability that we as human beings can reach our full potential (Wilkins 2002).

# data[].attributes.subject
Whereas the psychodynamic approach concentrates on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences to explore unresolved conflicts impacting people today (Kets de Vries and Cheak 2014). The person-centred approach has an aim of helping the client move towards self-actualisation, and the positive belief in the ability that we as human beings can reach our full potential (Wilkins 2002).

# data[].attributes.headline
In contrast, psychodynamic focuses on working around the negative aspects to gain insight into why the client feels and behaves the way they do (Jacobs 2012), it also believes that people are driven by the unconscious mind and so repeating certain behavioural patterns, by bringing the unconscious to the conscious is where therapy can truly begin to flourish (Kegerries and Midgley 2014). Also, the psychodynamic approach overemphasises psychological elements while ignoring biological/genetic aspects that impact and contribute to mental health disorders (Kline 1989).

# data[].attributes.subject
In contrast, psychodynamic focuses on working around the negative aspects to gain insight into why the client feels and behaves the way they do (Jacobs 2012), it also believes that people are driven by the unconscious mind and so repeating certain behavioural patterns, by bringing the unconscious to the conscious is where therapy can truly begin to flourish (Kegerries and Midgley 2014). Also, the psychodynamic approach overemphasises psychological elements while ignoring biological/genetic aspects that impact and contribute to mental health disorders (Kline 1989).

# data[].attributes.headline
I choose to integrate these two approaches (Barkham et al 1996) as I feel most of a person’s issues stem from childhood, and have a significant impact on adulthood, and if left unresolved, cycles and patterns will continue. I assimilate with PCT, as it has a strong foundation in building the therapeutic relationship (Doherty and Thompson 2014). I feel Roger’s six core conditions such as, empathy, Unconditional positive regard, congruence, active listening, paraphrasing back to client, and reflecting on what the client has said are all vital person-centred techniques, as they help to create an environment of trust and transparency within the therapeutic relationship. 

# data[].attributes.subject
I choose to integrate these two approaches (Barkham et al 1996) as I feel most of a person’s issues stem from childhood, and have a significant impact on adulthood, and if left unresolved, cycles and patterns will continue. I assimilate with PCT, as it has a strong foundation in building the therapeutic relationship (Doherty and Thompson 2014). I feel Roger’s six core conditions such as, empathy, Unconditional positive regard, congruence, active listening, paraphrasing back to client, and reflecting on what the client has said are all vital person-centred techniques, as they help to create an environment of trust and transparency within the therapeutic relationship. 

# data[].attributes.headline
However, some people may find PCT does not uncover issues that may have stemmed from early childhood (Lee 2018). They may want to get to the root of this and challenge themselves to make changes to their lives by knowing what the cause was to begin with, on the other hand, they may be happy with surface level therapy (Zarogiannis 2018). Some people may struggle with psychodynamic interventions as it brings painful memories from earlier parts of life to the surface, this can be a trigger for some clients which they feel uncertain about facing (Spermon et al 2010).

# data[].attributes.subject
However, some people may find PCT does not uncover issues that may have stemmed from early childhood (Lee 2018). They may want to get to the root of this and challenge themselves to make changes to their lives by knowing what the cause was to begin with, on the other hand, they may be happy with surface level therapy (Zarogiannis 2018). Some people may struggle with psychodynamic interventions as it brings painful memories from earlier parts of life to the surface, this can be a trigger for some clients which they feel uncertain about facing (Spermon et al 2010).

# data[].attributes.headline
People can develop defences, such as projections and denial (Eremie and Ubulom 2016). The psychodynamic theory believes these defences are more likely to cause more harm than good. I feel with the therapeutic relationship in place can help with the client feeling more comfortable in exploring those painful memories (Mikulincer et al 2013).

# data[].attributes.subject
People can develop defences, such as projections and denial (Eremie and Ubulom 2016). The psychodynamic theory believes these defences are more likely to cause more harm than good. I feel with the therapeutic relationship in place can help with the client feeling more comfortable in exploring those painful memories (Mikulincer et al 2013).

# data[].attributes.headline
I also assimilate aspects of Mindfulness (Brown et al 2013) into my practice. Mindful techniques help to lower the effects of anxiety on the body and mind, allowing the client to have more focus (Kabat-Zinn 2003). I use mindful breathing exercises, mindful walking, mindful colouring with my clients, different exercises suit different client’s depending on their needs and personality (Christopher and Maris 2010).

# data[].attributes.subject
I also assimilate aspects of Mindfulness (Brown et al 2013) into my practice. Mindful techniques help to lower the effects of anxiety on the body and mind, allowing the client to have more focus (Kabat-Zinn 2003). I use mindful breathing exercises, mindful walking, mindful colouring with my clients, different exercises suit different client’s depending on their needs and personality (Christopher and Maris 2010).

# data[].attributes.headline
My assimilative approach (Stricker and Gold 1996) allows me to work with clients in numerous ways I feel benefit the client. I can investigate the root cause of issues while at the same time continuing to build a strong trusting relationship. Although I like to challenge the client to delve into memories from earlier life (Gabbard 2014), I also use myself to show empathy, understanding, congruence, UPR, I will be fully present with my client and show them I am not only guiding them, but also walking alongside them through their counselling journey, I assure them they are not on their own during this process (Timulak 2010). 

# data[].attributes.subject
My assimilative approach (Stricker and Gold 1996) allows me to work with clients in numerous ways I feel benefit the client. I can investigate the root cause of issues while at the same time continuing to build a strong trusting relationship. Although I like to challenge the client to delve into memories from earlier life (Gabbard 2014), I also use myself to show empathy, understanding, congruence, UPR, I will be fully present with my client and show them I am not only guiding them, but also walking alongside them through their counselling journey, I assure them they are not on their own during this process (Timulak 2010). 

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 7. Counselling Interventions for Anxiety (Driscoll 2022)

# data[].attributes.headline
I would use different interventions depending on what I felt would best suit my client. I would use free association (Kris 2013) from the psychodynamic approach. I would give my client a single word and encourage them to say whatever words come to their mind, this is a spontaneous intervention, as there is no linear narrative structure. The client may experience numerous feelings and thoughts throughout the process. In doing so the client can understand what they are truly feeling and reach the painful memories that need to be healed (Swannell 2014) as the human mind is able to avoid pain and make us believe we are not suffering. 

# data[].attributes.subject
I would use different interventions depending on what I felt would best suit my client. I would use free association (Kris 2013) from the psychodynamic approach. I would give my client a single word and encourage them to say whatever words come to their mind, this is a spontaneous intervention, as there is no linear narrative structure. The client may experience numerous feelings and thoughts throughout the process. In doing so the client can understand what they are truly feeling and reach the painful memories that need to be healed (Swannell 2014) as the human mind is able to avoid pain and make us believe we are not suffering. 

# data[].attributes.headline
I use transference (Zetzel 2018) as this gives the client a realisation of why they have certain behaviour patterns. The client would project their feelings onto the therapist unconsciously. I would then explore how my client is feeling by asking questions and having an awareness of what I pick up from my client. I use the interaction to better understand what my client is thinking and feeling. In doing so we work collaboratively in creating better treatments and behaviour changes (Ulberg et al 2013).

# data[].attributes.subject
I use transference (Zetzel 2018) as this gives the client a realisation of why they have certain behaviour patterns. The client would project their feelings onto the therapist unconsciously. I would then explore how my client is feeling by asking questions and having an awareness of what I pick up from my client. I use the interaction to better understand what my client is thinking and feeling. In doing so we work collaboratively in creating better treatments and behaviour changes (Ulberg et al 2013).

# data[].attributes.headline
Using Rogers core conditions for positive change (Rogers 1957) with my client is greatly beneficial as a solid foundation and the development of the therapeutic relationship. However, I do not agree that they are all sufficient (Rogers 1992), as I feel clients need more in order to heal from their issues.  I use techniques such as, active listening, empathy, reflecting, UPR and paraphrasing. Congruence helps the client to overcome conditions of worth that others have put on them and helps to build a trusting relationship. Empathy shows the client that I am trying to walk in their shoes to best feel what they are feeling. UPR encourages the client to be open and talk about what they feel, without the worry of being judged.

# data[].attributes.subject
Using Rogers core conditions for positive change (Rogers 1957) with my client is greatly beneficial as a solid foundation and the development of the therapeutic relationship. However, I do not agree that they are all sufficient (Rogers 1992), as I feel clients need more in order to heal from their issues.  I use techniques such as, active listening, empathy, reflecting, UPR and paraphrasing. Congruence helps the client to overcome conditions of worth that others have put on them and helps to build a trusting relationship. Empathy shows the client that I am trying to walk in their shoes to best feel what they are feeling. UPR encourages the client to be open and talk about what they feel, without the worry of being judged.

# data[].attributes.headline
The core conditions also link to the ‘fragile process’ which I consider in my practice due to the nature of the client’s I currently have who have a fragile manner of processing experiences. A lot of them have experienced a lack of empathy during childhood, however, it can be challenging to accurately empathise and reflect to my client without amending or altering the experience they share (Warner 1998).

# data[].attributes.subject
The core conditions also link to the ‘fragile process’ which I consider in my practice due to the nature of the client’s I currently have who have a fragile manner of processing experiences. A lot of them have experienced a lack of empathy during childhood, however, it can be challenging to accurately empathise and reflect to my client without amending or altering the experience they share (Warner 1998).

# data[].attributes.headline
Differences among people can be hidden or visible. Some differences and diversity include faith position, sex, gender, age, disability, and ethnic origin (Bell and Tribe 2018). I believe it is crucial not to make assumptions about the client because of my own frame of reference (Brodley 1999). Seeing the client as a whole person is important instead of seeing them based on our own views and stereotypes. It is inevitable that our frame of reference is influenced by different factors, such as, backgrounds, upbring, personal values, political stance, and culture (Trachsel et al 2021). Training in counselling has helped me to be more self-aware so I do not intentionally project my own values onto my clients. If I am unsure of a client’s faith or culture, I would ask them more about it and research myself.

# data[].attributes.subject
Differences among people can be hidden or visible. Some differences and diversity include faith position, sex, gender, age, disability, and ethnic origin (Bell and Tribe 2018). I believe it is crucial not to make assumptions about the client because of my own frame of reference (Brodley 1999). Seeing the client as a whole person is important instead of seeing them based on our own views and stereotypes. It is inevitable that our frame of reference is influenced by different factors, such as, backgrounds, upbring, personal values, political stance, and culture (Trachsel et al 2021). Training in counselling has helped me to be more self-aware so I do not intentionally project my own values onto my clients. If I am unsure of a client’s faith or culture, I would ask them more about it and research myself.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 8. Abuses of Power - When Therapy Harms (Henshaw 2017)

# data[].attributes.headline
Psychoanalysis developed by Freud, portrayed the therapist as an expert in the beginning, this placed them in a greater position of power than the client (Bondi 1999).  More recently however, the nature of therapy has changed so much so that client autonomy is viewed as crucial in all therapeutic modalities (Ryan et al 2011). As a therapist I feel I have a duty to encourage clients in trusting they can find solutions to life’s difficulties themselves, along with the help of the therapist. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Psychoanalysis developed by Freud, portrayed the therapist as an expert in the beginning, this placed them in a greater position of power than the client (Bondi 1999).  More recently however, the nature of therapy has changed so much so that client autonomy is viewed as crucial in all therapeutic modalities (Ryan et al 2011). As a therapist I feel I have a duty to encourage clients in trusting they can find solutions to life’s difficulties themselves, along with the help of the therapist. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Working to equalise power is important, for example, ensuring therapist and client have similar type height when sitting through the session (Ackerman and Hilsenroth 2001). However, there are times when it is impossible to equalise power, such as, •	The legal requirements to break confidentiality•	Setting boundaries, time, and location of sessions•	It is the client who comes to the therapist with their difficulties 

# data[].attributes.subject
Working to equalise power is important, for example, ensuring therapist and client have similar type height when sitting through the session (Ackerman and Hilsenroth 2001). However, there are times when it is impossible to equalise power, such as, •	The legal requirements to break confidentiality•	Setting boundaries, time, and location of sessions•	It is the client who comes to the therapist with their difficulties 

# data[].attributes.headline
These aspects reduce the client’s power and increase the therapists. The important thing is being aware of the power dynamics in therapy and doing everything we can to equalise power in the interest of our client’s (Boyd 1996). Counsellors need to be aware of cultural differences, so as not to be judgemental. Owen et al (2011) says, as counsellors we must be aware of our own micro-aggression toward the client, as we all do this throughout our everyday life. In contrast, power can be used in a positive way, such as, maintaining session limits (e.g., ending at the originally stated end time, even if a client arrives late) can be beneficially stabilising for clients (Steffen and Hanley 2013).

# data[].attributes.subject
These aspects reduce the client’s power and increase the therapists. The important thing is being aware of the power dynamics in therapy and doing everything we can to equalise power in the interest of our client’s (Boyd 1996). Counsellors need to be aware of cultural differences, so as not to be judgemental. Owen et al (2011) says, as counsellors we must be aware of our own micro-aggression toward the client, as we all do this throughout our everyday life. In contrast, power can be used in a positive way, such as, maintaining session limits (e.g., ending at the originally stated end time, even if a client arrives late) can be beneficially stabilising for clients (Steffen and Hanley 2013).

# data[].attributes.headline
Reflection helps to motivate and prevent me from becoming stagnant in my practice. It helps me to critique my own work and encourage independent thinking (Rosin 2015). Keeping a journal of my integrative counselling practice allows me to reflect on techniques and interventions I use with my clients. I can look back to see what I could change for the client to benefit in a different way, and how I could advance the use of my techniques and the interventions I choose to use (Carmichael et al 2021). I use a client feedback form which I give to my client’s halfway through the sessions and also at the end so they can feedback to me on how they felt their experience of counselling went. This helps me to reflect and take on board any necessary changes that need to be made. Referring to Schon’s reflective model (Schon 1987), I tend to not only reflect in action, such as, thinking about what I can do next, and acting right away, I also reflect on action. After a session with a client, I would think about how it went and what I could do different the next time.

# data[].attributes.subject
Reflection helps to motivate and prevent me from becoming stagnant in my practice. It helps me to critique my own work and encourage independent thinking (Rosin 2015). Keeping a journal of my integrative counselling practice allows me to reflect on techniques and interventions I use with my clients. I can look back to see what I could change for the client to benefit in a different way, and how I could advance the use of my techniques and the interventions I choose to use (Carmichael et al 2021). I use a client feedback form which I give to my client’s halfway through the sessions and also at the end so they can feedback to me on how they felt their experience of counselling went. This helps me to reflect and take on board any necessary changes that need to be made. Referring to Schon’s reflective model (Schon 1987), I tend to not only reflect in action, such as, thinking about what I can do next, and acting right away, I also reflect on action. After a session with a client, I would think about how it went and what I could do different the next time.

# data[].attributes.headline
My personal therapy has helped me to gain greater personal self-awareness, along with a greater awareness of my professional identity (Moe and Thimm 2021). It has helped me to become better at active listening and I feel I have developed a greater sense of empathy for my own clients. I do not feel I would have understood what I was asking of my clients in the therapy room, if I had not undergone therapy myself, such as, expecting a client to sit with me, a stranger, and over time, reveal deep, personal memories, thoughts, and feelings (Bennet-Levy and Finlay-Jones 2018). Re-visiting the most hurtful times of their lives is a profoundly courageous act.

# data[].attributes.subject
My personal therapy has helped me to gain greater personal self-awareness, along with a greater awareness of my professional identity (Moe and Thimm 2021). It has helped me to become better at active listening and I feel I have developed a greater sense of empathy for my own clients. I do not feel I would have understood what I was asking of my clients in the therapy room, if I had not undergone therapy myself, such as, expecting a client to sit with me, a stranger, and over time, reveal deep, personal memories, thoughts, and feelings (Bennet-Levy and Finlay-Jones 2018). Re-visiting the most hurtful times of their lives is a profoundly courageous act.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 9. Personal Psychotherapy Session. (Dreamtime 2022)

# data[].attributes.headline
However, I have had two personal therapists, the first I found did not challenge me to become self-aware, and I did not feel I benefitted in any way, but I found another therapist who I feel I have a meaningful connection with. A client may not have the incentive to search for a new therapist as they may have found the previous experience a negative one and may feel every therapist will practice the same way. 

# data[].attributes.subject
However, I have had two personal therapists, the first I found did not challenge me to become self-aware, and I did not feel I benefitted in any way, but I found another therapist who I feel I have a meaningful connection with. A client may not have the incentive to search for a new therapist as they may have found the previous experience a negative one and may feel every therapist will practice the same way. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Clinical supervision helps me to check in with an experienced integrative practitioner, who supports me and ensures I am grounded in my practice. My supervisor helps me to maintain ethical and professional boundaries with my clients and discuss any gaps I feel I may have within my practice (BACP 2022). Self-care is always discussed as it is important to avoid burn-out as a counsellor (BACP 2017). Supervision also helps me to de-crease feelings of isolation and promotes professional and personal development, ensuring my clients are receiving the best possible care (Cucchi 2020). My supervisor gives me ideas on interventions she feels I should use with my clients. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Clinical supervision helps me to check in with an experienced integrative practitioner, who supports me and ensures I am grounded in my practice. My supervisor helps me to maintain ethical and professional boundaries with my clients and discuss any gaps I feel I may have within my practice (BACP 2022). Self-care is always discussed as it is important to avoid burn-out as a counsellor (BACP 2017). Supervision also helps me to de-crease feelings of isolation and promotes professional and personal development, ensuring my clients are receiving the best possible care (Cucchi 2020). My supervisor gives me ideas on interventions she feels I should use with my clients. 

# data[].attributes.headline
In conclusion, there is no right or wrong approach in counselling as it depends solely on the client and their needs. Using an assimilative stance works for me, I am able to focus on one main modality, and also bring in other modalities to enrich the client’s experience. Integrating the approaches allows us to have access to more interventions and techniques to use with the client. Although the psychodynamic approach and PCT do not fit perfectly together, they can still be used to enhance the counselling session and client’s needs. Common factors I feel are valuable, however are quite limited compared to other approaches, so this is not an approach I would use.  Power dynamics must be recognised throughout the sessions and equalised as much as possible to avoid damage to the relationship. The therapeutic relationship is the most important part of the process as it is a base on which important factors are built, such as, trust, respect, congruence and UPR, without these the client may not be open to share their most painful memories. Ethical standards must be adhered to, equality and diversity being crucial elements, as each person is unique. 

# data[].attributes.subject
In conclusion, there is no right or wrong approach in counselling as it depends solely on the client and their needs. Using an assimilative stance works for me, I am able to focus on one main modality, and also bring in other modalities to enrich the client’s experience. Integrating the approaches allows us to have access to more interventions and techniques to use with the client. Although the psychodynamic approach and PCT do not fit perfectly together, they can still be used to enhance the counselling session and client’s needs. Common factors I feel are valuable, however are quite limited compared to other approaches, so this is not an approach I would use.  Power dynamics must be recognised throughout the sessions and equalised as much as possible to avoid damage to the relationship. The therapeutic relationship is the most important part of the process as it is a base on which important factors are built, such as, trust, respect, congruence and UPR, without these the client may not be open to share their most painful memories. Ethical standards must be adhered to, equality and diversity being crucial elements, as each person is unique. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Ackerman, S.J. and Hilsenroth, M.J., (2001) ‘A review of therapist characteristics and techniques negatively impacting the therapeutic alliance.’ Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(2), 171Akpotor, M.E. and Johnson, E.A. (2018) ‘Client empowerment: A concept analysis.’ International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(2), 743Atzil‐Slonim, D., Tishby, O. and Shefler, G., (2015) ‘Internal representations of the therapeutic relationship among adolescents in psychodynamic psychotherapy.’ Clinical psychology & psychotherapy 22(6), 502-512BACP (2017) ‘Burnout... the high cost of caring?.’ Therapy Today 28(9)BACP (2022) Ethical Framework for the Counselling Professions. [online] available at < https://www.bacp.co.uk/events-and-resources/ethics-and-standards/ethical-framework-for-the-counselling-professions/ > 22/02/2022BACP (2022) ‘What is Integrative Counselling?’. [online] available from < https://www.bacp.co.uk/about-therapy/types-of-therapy/integrative-counselling/ > 22/02/2022Barkham, M., Stiles, W.B., Hardy, G.E. and Field, S.D. (1996) ‘The assimilation model: theory, research and practical guidelines.’ Research in counselling and psychotherapy: Practical applications 1-24Barth, A.L. and Moody, S.J. (2019) ‘Theory use in counseling practice: Current trends.’ International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 41(3), 313-328Bell, D. and Tribe, R., (2018) ‘Social justice, diversity and leadership.’ The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 7(1), 111-125Bennett-Levy, J. and Finlay-Jones, A., (2018) ‘The role of personal practice in therapist skill development: a model to guide therapists, educators, supervisors and researchers.’ Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(3), 185-205Bondi, L., (1999) ‘Stages on Journeys: Some Remarks about Human Geography and Psychotherapeutic Practice.’ The professional geographer, 51(1), 11-24Brodley, B.T (1999) ‘Reasons for responses expressing the therapist’s frame of reference in client-centred therapy.’ The person-centred journal 6(1), 4-25Brown, A.P., Marquis, A. and Guiffrida, D.A., (2013) ‘Mindfulness‐based interventions in counseling.’ Journal of Counseling & Development 91(1), 96-104Browne. J. Cather. C. Mueser. K, T (2021) ‘Common factors in psychotherapy’. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Bowlby, J. (2018) Fifty years of attachment theory: the Donald Winnicott memorial lecture. Routledge.Boyd, K.K., (1996) Power imbalances and therapy. Focus (San Francisco, Calif.), 11(9), 1-4Carmichael, K., Rushworth, I. and Fisher, P., (2020) ‘You’re opening yourself up to new and different ideas’: Clinical psychologists’ understandings and experiences of using reflective practice in clinical work: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Reflective Practice, 21(4), 520-533Castonguay, L.G., Eubanks, C.F., Goldfried, M.R., Muran, J.C. and Lutz, W. (2015) ‘Research on psychotherapy integration: Building on the past, looking to the future. Psychotherapy Research 25(3), 365-382

# data[].attributes.subject
Ackerman, S.J. and Hilsenroth, M.J., (2001) ‘A review of therapist characteristics and techniques negatively impacting the therapeutic alliance.’ Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(2), 171Akpotor, M.E. and Johnson, E.A. (2018) ‘Client empowerment: A concept analysis.’ International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(2), 743Atzil‐Slonim, D., Tishby, O. and Shefler, G., (2015) ‘Internal representations of the therapeutic relationship among adolescents in psychodynamic psychotherapy.’ Clinical psychology & psychotherapy 22(6), 502-512BACP (2017) ‘Burnout... the high cost of caring?.’ Therapy Today 28(9)BACP (2022) Ethical Framework for the Counselling Professions. [online] available at < https://www.bacp.co.uk/events-and-resources/ethics-and-standards/ethical-framework-for-the-counselling-professions/ > 22/02/2022BACP (2022) ‘What is Integrative Counselling?’. [online] available from < https://www.bacp.co.uk/about-therapy/types-of-therapy/integrative-counselling/ > 22/02/2022Barkham, M., Stiles, W.B., Hardy, G.E. and Field, S.D. (1996) ‘The assimilation model: theory, research and practical guidelines.’ Research in counselling and psychotherapy: Practical applications 1-24Barth, A.L. and Moody, S.J. (2019) ‘Theory use in counseling practice: Current trends.’ International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 41(3), 313-328Bell, D. and Tribe, R., (2018) ‘Social justice, diversity and leadership.’ The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 7(1), 111-125Bennett-Levy, J. and Finlay-Jones, A., (2018) ‘The role of personal practice in therapist skill development: a model to guide therapists, educators, supervisors and researchers.’ Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(3), 185-205Bondi, L., (1999) ‘Stages on Journeys: Some Remarks about Human Geography and Psychotherapeutic Practice.’ The professional geographer, 51(1), 11-24Brodley, B.T (1999) ‘Reasons for responses expressing the therapist’s frame of reference in client-centred therapy.’ The person-centred journal 6(1), 4-25Brown, A.P., Marquis, A. and Guiffrida, D.A., (2013) ‘Mindfulness‐based interventions in counseling.’ Journal of Counseling & Development 91(1), 96-104Browne. J. Cather. C. Mueser. K, T (2021) ‘Common factors in psychotherapy’. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Bowlby, J. (2018) Fifty years of attachment theory: the Donald Winnicott memorial lecture. Routledge.Boyd, K.K., (1996) Power imbalances and therapy. Focus (San Francisco, Calif.), 11(9), 1-4Carmichael, K., Rushworth, I. and Fisher, P., (2020) ‘You’re opening yourself up to new and different ideas’: Clinical psychologists’ understandings and experiences of using reflective practice in clinical work: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Reflective Practice, 21(4), 520-533Castonguay, L.G., Eubanks, C.F., Goldfried, M.R., Muran, J.C. and Lutz, W. (2015) ‘Research on psychotherapy integration: Building on the past, looking to the future. Psychotherapy Research 25(3), 365-382

# data[].attributes.headline
Cheung, M. Leung, P. (2008) Multicultural Practice and evaluation: a case approach to evidence-based practice. Denver, Co: LoveChristopher, J.C. and Maris, J.A. (2010) ‘Integrating mindfulness as self‐care into counselling and psychotherapy training.’ Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 10(2), 114-125Clarkson. P. (2003) The Handbook of Psychotherapy 2nd edn. London: Whurr PublishersCorey, G. (2012) Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Cengage learning.Cucchi, A., (2020) ‘Learning to stay still: reflective practice in the context of supervision—integrating the personal and the professional.’ Journal of Psychological Therapies, 5(1), 1-6DiClemente, C.C. and Velasquez, M.M., (2002) ‘Motivational interviewing and the stages of change’. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change, 2 201-216Doherty, M. and Thompson, H. (2014) ‘Enhancing person-centred care through the development of a therapeutic relationship.’ British Journal of Community Nursing 19(10), 502-507Erskine, R.G. (2015) Relational Patterns, Therapeutic Presence: Concepts and Practice of Integrative PsychotherapyEremie, M.D. and Ubulom, W.J. (2016) ‘Review of Psychoanalytic Approach to Counselling.’ International Journal of Innovative Psychology & Social Development 4(2), 22-25Fitzgerald. C (2016) ‘Building Therapeutic Relationships’. [online] available at < https://cfitzeportfolio.wordpress.com/2016/09/21/interviewing-skills-and-building-therapeutic-relationships/ > 10/02/2022Follette, W.C Naugle, A.E Callaghan, G.M (2001) ‘A radical behavioural understanding of the therapeutic relationship in effecting change’. Science Direct 27(4), 623-641Gabbard, G.O. (2014) Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice. American Psychiatric PubGeller, S.M. and Porges, S.W. (2014) ‘Therapeutic presence: neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships.’ Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178Holm-Hadulla, R,M (2011) ‘An Integrative Model of Counselling’. [online] available from < https://www.researchgate.net/figure/An-integrative-model-of-counseling_fig1_232089160 > 05/02/2022Howe, D. (2011) Attachment across the life course: A brief introduction. Macmillan International Higher EducationInman, A.G., Hutman, H., Pendse, A., Devdas, L., Luu, L. and Ellis, M.V., (2014) Current trends concerning supervisors, supervisees, and clients in clinical supervision.Iwaniec, D. (2006) The emotionally abused and neglected child: Identification, assessment and intervention: A practice handbook. John Wiley & Sons.Jacobs, M. (2012) EBOOK: The Presenting Past: The Core of Psychodynamic Counselling and Therapy. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education Jones, A.C. (2004) ‘Transference and countertransference’. Perspectives in psychiatric care 40(1), 13-19Kegerreis, S. and Midgley, N. (2014) ‘Psychodynamic approaches.’ The Handbook of Counselling Children and Young People, 35-48Kets de Vries, M.F. and Cheak, A. (2014) Psychodynamic approachKline, P. (1989) ‘Objective tests of Freud's theories.’ Psychology Survey 7, 127-45

# data[].attributes.subject
Cheung, M. Leung, P. (2008) Multicultural Practice and evaluation: a case approach to evidence-based practice. Denver, Co: LoveChristopher, J.C. and Maris, J.A. (2010) ‘Integrating mindfulness as self‐care into counselling and psychotherapy training.’ Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 10(2), 114-125Clarkson. P. (2003) The Handbook of Psychotherapy 2nd edn. London: Whurr PublishersCorey, G. (2012) Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Cengage learning.Cucchi, A., (2020) ‘Learning to stay still: reflective practice in the context of supervision—integrating the personal and the professional.’ Journal of Psychological Therapies, 5(1), 1-6DiClemente, C.C. and Velasquez, M.M., (2002) ‘Motivational interviewing and the stages of change’. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change, 2 201-216Doherty, M. and Thompson, H. (2014) ‘Enhancing person-centred care through the development of a therapeutic relationship.’ British Journal of Community Nursing 19(10), 502-507Erskine, R.G. (2015) Relational Patterns, Therapeutic Presence: Concepts and Practice of Integrative PsychotherapyEremie, M.D. and Ubulom, W.J. (2016) ‘Review of Psychoanalytic Approach to Counselling.’ International Journal of Innovative Psychology & Social Development 4(2), 22-25Fitzgerald. C (2016) ‘Building Therapeutic Relationships’. [online] available at < https://cfitzeportfolio.wordpress.com/2016/09/21/interviewing-skills-and-building-therapeutic-relationships/ > 10/02/2022Follette, W.C Naugle, A.E Callaghan, G.M (2001) ‘A radical behavioural understanding of the therapeutic relationship in effecting change’. Science Direct 27(4), 623-641Gabbard, G.O. (2014) Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice. American Psychiatric PubGeller, S.M. and Porges, S.W. (2014) ‘Therapeutic presence: neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships.’ Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178Holm-Hadulla, R,M (2011) ‘An Integrative Model of Counselling’. [online] available from < https://www.researchgate.net/figure/An-integrative-model-of-counseling_fig1_232089160 > 05/02/2022Howe, D. (2011) Attachment across the life course: A brief introduction. Macmillan International Higher EducationInman, A.G., Hutman, H., Pendse, A., Devdas, L., Luu, L. and Ellis, M.V., (2014) Current trends concerning supervisors, supervisees, and clients in clinical supervision.Iwaniec, D. (2006) The emotionally abused and neglected child: Identification, assessment and intervention: A practice handbook. John Wiley & Sons.Jacobs, M. (2012) EBOOK: The Presenting Past: The Core of Psychodynamic Counselling and Therapy. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education Jones, A.C. (2004) ‘Transference and countertransference’. Perspectives in psychiatric care 40(1), 13-19Kegerreis, S. and Midgley, N. (2014) ‘Psychodynamic approaches.’ The Handbook of Counselling Children and Young People, 35-48Kets de Vries, M.F. and Cheak, A. (2014) Psychodynamic approachKline, P. (1989) ‘Objective tests of Freud's theories.’ Psychology Survey 7, 127-45

# data[].attributes.headline
Kris, A.O. (2013) Free association: Methods and process. RoutledgeLambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357–361Lambert. M.J. Bergan. A.E (1994) The effectiveness of Psychotherapy. In the handbook of psychotherapy. 143-169Lee, D.A. (2018) ‘A person-centred political critique of current discourses in post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth.’ In Re-visioning Person-Centred Therapy 330-341 RoutledgeLorecentral n.d ‘ 6 advantages and disadvantages of technical eclecticism on psychology [online] available at < https://www.lorecentral.org/2018/02/6-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-eclecticism-in-psychology.html > 10/02/2022Mearns, D., Thorne, B. and McLeod, J. (2013) Person-centred counselling in action. Sage.Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R. and Berant, E. (2013) ‘An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes.’ Journal of personality 81(6), 606-616Moe, F.D. and Thimm, J., (2021) Personal therapy and the personal therapist. Nordic Psychology, 73(1), 3-28Norcross, J.C. (2010) The therapeutic relationship.O’brien, M. Houston, G (2007) Integrative Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide 2nd edn. London: SageO’Sherman. R (2016) Developing Your Personal Leadership Philosophy. [online] available at < https://www.emergingrnleader.com/developing-your-personal-leadership-philosophy/ > 10/02/2022Owen, J., Imel, Z., Tao, K.W., Wampold, B., Smith, A. and Rodolfa, E., (2011) ‘Cultural ruptures in short-term therapy: Working alliance as a mediator between clients' perceptions of microaggressions and therapy outcomes.’ Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 11(3), 204-212Rogers, C. (1957) ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. ‘Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103Rogers, C.R., (1992) ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. ‘Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 60(6), 827Rosin, J., (2015) ‘The necessity of counselor individuation for fostering reflective practice.’ Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(1), 88-95Ryan, R.M., Lynch, M.F., Vansteenkiste, M. and Deci, E.L., (2011) ‘Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice 17.’ The Counseling Psychologist, 39(2), 193-260 Schön, D.A., (1987) Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. Jossey-BassSpermon, D. Darlington, Y. Gibney, P. (2010) ‘Psychodynamic psychotherapy for complex trauma: targets, focus, applications, and outcomes.’ Psychology Research and Behaviour Management 3, 119-127Steffen, E. and Hanley, T., (2013) ‘The power of counselling psychology in an age of powerlessness: A call to action.’ Counselling Psychology Review, 28(2), 3-7Stricker, G. and Gold, J.R., (1996) ‘Psychotherapy integration: An assimilative, psychodynamic approach’. Clinical psychology: Science and practice 3(1), p.47

# data[].attributes.subject
Kris, A.O. (2013) Free association: Methods and process. RoutledgeLambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357–361Lambert. M.J. Bergan. A.E (1994) The effectiveness of Psychotherapy. In the handbook of psychotherapy. 143-169Lee, D.A. (2018) ‘A person-centred political critique of current discourses in post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth.’ In Re-visioning Person-Centred Therapy 330-341 RoutledgeLorecentral n.d ‘ 6 advantages and disadvantages of technical eclecticism on psychology [online] available at < https://www.lorecentral.org/2018/02/6-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-eclecticism-in-psychology.html > 10/02/2022Mearns, D., Thorne, B. and McLeod, J. (2013) Person-centred counselling in action. Sage.Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R. and Berant, E. (2013) ‘An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes.’ Journal of personality 81(6), 606-616Moe, F.D. and Thimm, J., (2021) Personal therapy and the personal therapist. Nordic Psychology, 73(1), 3-28Norcross, J.C. (2010) The therapeutic relationship.O’brien, M. Houston, G (2007) Integrative Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide 2nd edn. London: SageO’Sherman. R (2016) Developing Your Personal Leadership Philosophy. [online] available at < https://www.emergingrnleader.com/developing-your-personal-leadership-philosophy/ > 10/02/2022Owen, J., Imel, Z., Tao, K.W., Wampold, B., Smith, A. and Rodolfa, E., (2011) ‘Cultural ruptures in short-term therapy: Working alliance as a mediator between clients' perceptions of microaggressions and therapy outcomes.’ Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 11(3), 204-212Rogers, C. (1957) ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. ‘Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103Rogers, C.R., (1992) ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. ‘Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 60(6), 827Rosin, J., (2015) ‘The necessity of counselor individuation for fostering reflective practice.’ Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(1), 88-95Ryan, R.M., Lynch, M.F., Vansteenkiste, M. and Deci, E.L., (2011) ‘Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice 17.’ The Counseling Psychologist, 39(2), 193-260 Schön, D.A., (1987) Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. Jossey-BassSpermon, D. Darlington, Y. Gibney, P. (2010) ‘Psychodynamic psychotherapy for complex trauma: targets, focus, applications, and outcomes.’ Psychology Research and Behaviour Management 3, 119-127Steffen, E. and Hanley, T., (2013) ‘The power of counselling psychology in an age of powerlessness: A call to action.’ Counselling Psychology Review, 28(2), 3-7Stricker, G. and Gold, J.R., (1996) ‘Psychotherapy integration: An assimilative, psychodynamic approach’. Clinical psychology: Science and practice 3(1), p.47

# data[].attributes.headline
Swannell, E. (2014) ‘Painful memories: An investigation into the effect of memory on pain perception.’ The University of Manchester: United KingdomTolan, J. and Cameron, R. (2016) Skills in person-centred counselling & psychotherapy. Sage.Timulak, L. (2010) ‘Significant events in psychotherapy: An update of research findings.’ Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 83(4), 421-447Trachsel, M., Biller-Andorno, N., Gaab, J., Sadler, J. and Tekin, S., (2021) Oxford Handbook of Psychotherapy Ethics. Oxford University Press.Tschacher, W., Junghan, U.M. and Pfammatter, M. (2014) Towards a taxonomy of common factors in psychotherapy—results of an expert survey. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy 21(1), 82-96Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., Critchfield, K.L., Marble, A. and Høglend, P., (2014) ‘Transference interventions and the process between therapist and patient. Psychotherapy, 51(2), 258Wachtel, P.L. (2014) On the limits of theoretical fundamentalism.Wampold, B.E. (2015) ‘How important are the common factors in psychotherapy?’ An update. World Psychiatry 14(3), 270-277Warner, M.S., (1998) Fragile process. Handbook of experiential psychotherapy, 368-387Wilkins, P. (2002) Person-centred therapy in focus. Sage.Wood. J, D. Petriglieri. G. (2005) ‘Transcending Polarisation: Beyond Binary Thinking’. Transactional Analysis Journal 35(1), 31-39 Woodward, L., (2020) Carl Rogers. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Models and Theories 95-99Wyatt. J. (2004) ‘Counselling and Religious Faith’. Psychodynamic Practice 10(1), 27- 43Yalom. I. (2001) Existential Therapy. New York: Basic BooksZarogiannis, P. (2018) ‘Person-centred approach as discursivity and person-centred therapy as heterotopic practice.’ In Re-visioning Person-Centred Therapy 110-127 RoutledgeZetzel, E.R., (2018) Current concepts of transference 1. In Influential Papers from the 1950s 109-123 Routledge.

# data[].attributes.subject
Swannell, E. (2014) ‘Painful memories: An investigation into the effect of memory on pain perception.’ The University of Manchester: United KingdomTolan, J. and Cameron, R. (2016) Skills in person-centred counselling & psychotherapy. Sage.Timulak, L. (2010) ‘Significant events in psychotherapy: An update of research findings.’ Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 83(4), 421-447Trachsel, M., Biller-Andorno, N., Gaab, J., Sadler, J. and Tekin, S., (2021) Oxford Handbook of Psychotherapy Ethics. Oxford University Press.Tschacher, W., Junghan, U.M. and Pfammatter, M. (2014) Towards a taxonomy of common factors in psychotherapy—results of an expert survey. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy 21(1), 82-96Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., Critchfield, K.L., Marble, A. and Høglend, P., (2014) ‘Transference interventions and the process between therapist and patient. Psychotherapy, 51(2), 258Wachtel, P.L. (2014) On the limits of theoretical fundamentalism.Wampold, B.E. (2015) ‘How important are the common factors in psychotherapy?’ An update. World Psychiatry 14(3), 270-277Warner, M.S., (1998) Fragile process. Handbook of experiential psychotherapy, 368-387Wilkins, P. (2002) Person-centred therapy in focus. Sage.Wood. J, D. Petriglieri. G. (2005) ‘Transcending Polarisation: Beyond Binary Thinking’. Transactional Analysis Journal 35(1), 31-39 Woodward, L., (2020) Carl Rogers. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Models and Theories 95-99Wyatt. J. (2004) ‘Counselling and Religious Faith’. Psychodynamic Practice 10(1), 27- 43Yalom. I. (2001) Existential Therapy. New York: Basic BooksZarogiannis, P. (2018) ‘Person-centred approach as discursivity and person-centred therapy as heterotopic practice.’ In Re-visioning Person-Centred Therapy 110-127 RoutledgeZetzel, E.R., (2018) Current concepts of transference 1. In Influential Papers from the 1950s 109-123 Routledge.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Introduction
2. The importance of Integrative Practice
3. Approaches to counselling
4. Common Factors Approach to client growth
5. The Therapeutic Relationship
6.  My Philosophy
7.  Integrative Stance
8.  Interventions
9.  Diversity and Power in the Therapeutic Relationship
10. Reflection and Supervision
11. Conclusion
12. References
13. Picture References