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Bay Area OD Prevention PALS

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Drug users experiencing homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area

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Overdose Death Rate Tripled over 10 years in San Francisco

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Overdose Death Rate Tripled over 10 years in San Francisco

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The U.S. Centers for Disease Control data shows that in 2020, San Francisco’s overdose death rate was at about 49 per 100,000 people, compared with 13 in 2010.
(San Francisco Medical Examiners Office,
“OCME Accidental Overdose Reports.” OCME Accidental Overdose Reports | San Francisco, https://sf.gov/fil/node/1436

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Substance use Trends in San Francisco through 2020

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Substance use Trends in San Francisco through 2020

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In 2020 and 2021, about 23% of the overdose deaths have occurred in the Tenderloin district and about 18% in neighboring SOMA, with many of the deaths occurring outdoors and on sidewalks in front of buildings. Multiple deaths have occurred at certain addresses, particularly at Single Room Occupancy (SRO) properties.

Phillip O. Coffin MD MIA, Vanessa McMahan PhD, Kyna Long MS, and Nimah Haq MPH Center on Substance Use and Health. Substance Use Trends in San Francisco through 2020 . https://www.csuhsf.org/_files/ugd/91710f_848b3349bfe047a897f0afaebb6978e3.pdf.

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Alameda County Safety Net Working Group on Opioid Prescribing

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Alameda County Safety Net Working Group on Opioid Prescribing

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In Alameda County, deaths from opioid misuse tripled between 2005 and 2014. Hospitalization for opioid-related, non-fatal overdoses increased by over 74%.

in 2011, over 1.4 million drug-related emergency department visits in this country were attributed to misuse or abuse of prescription drugs, exceeding the 1.25 million visits involving illicit drugs.

In Alameda County, deaths from opioid misuse tripled between 2005 and 2014. Hospitalization for opioid-related, non-fatal overdoses increased by over 74%.

In the last five years, Alameda County's Emergency Medical Services Division treated over 4,436 patients with naloxone to reverse the effects of drug overdoses.

Clannon , K. (2015). Indigent Health. Indigent Health - Health Care Services Agency - Alameda County's Official Website. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from https://www.acgov.org/health/indigent/coalition.htm

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In 2020 and 2021 The amount of people that died from overdose in San Francisco is almost tiwce the toll of COVID-19 Pandamic 

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In 2020 and 2021 The amount of people that died from overdose in San Francisco is almost tiwce the toll of COVID-19 Pandamic 

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iN San Francisco , roughly 1.310  people died from drug overdose in 2020 and 2021 , alomst tiwce the toll of the COVID-29 pandamic. and also in January 2022 49 people died from drug overdose in San Francisco

Chu, C., &Liverman, C. (2021, January). (fx0) office of the chief medical examiner. SF.gov. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://cfo.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ocfo/publication/attachments/fx_ocme_chapter_2022m_0.pdf

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‘Invisible’ overdoses are hiding the true scale of Alameda County’s opioid crisis

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‘Invisible’ overdoses are hiding the true scale of Alameda County’s opioid crisis

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Alameda County’s public health department sent Street Spirit data on emergency calls for opioid overdose from July 2019 through April 2021. Oakland accounts for more overdose emergency calls than any other city, roughly half of the county’s total. But emergency responders are only dispatched when a community member reverses an overdose if the person chooses to call 911.

Google. (n.d.). Opioid incidence data July 1, 2019 to April 19, 2021.xlsx. Google Sheets. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-hWdlsGKOoRUXepuPqQOQl-YzLKi9u1l/edit#gid=955081232

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Drug Users Face Extra Health Challenges With Uptick in Homeless Sweeps

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Drug Users Face Extra Health Challenges With Uptick in Homeless Sweeps

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Narcan saves people’s lives. The drug reverses the effect of opioid overdoses, when administered by injection or nasal spray. But people who use drugs need to actually have Narcan — also known as naloxone — on hand in order to reverse a friend or neighbor’s overdose, something that’s been increasingly difficult as the city has upped its homeless sweeps. In 2018, 102 people reported that their Narcan had been confiscated by either Public Works or police.

Joy_Website_Admin. (2021, May 24). Overdose prevention resources. National Harm Reduction Coalition. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose-prevention/

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According to the United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), fentanyl can be up to 50 times more potent than heroin. A very small amount of fentanyl (about 2mg) can be lethal, depending on the person. Fentanyl is often found in counterfeit pills and is, in many instances, being mixed with other illicit drugs to increase the potency.

Research has shown that If a person has had an nonfatal overdose in the past, they are at higher risk of dying from an overdose in the future. San Francisco's Street Overdose Response Team (SORT) has said of those overdoses that were reversed with the life saving drug, Naloxone, about half of people that died from an overdose had previous contact via their emergency services.

Already difficult to access, treatment has become even more difficult to access with the limitations put forth by COVID-19. Social distancing has moved many services online or in-person with limited hours. UCSF(UC San Francisco, 2022) found that contact with their  drug treatment services fell from 20% between 2019-2020 to 13% between 2020-2021 pandemic year.

Acosta, L. (n.d.). The street overdose response team: San Francisco. The Street Overdose Response Team | San Francisco. Retrieved from https://sf.gov/street-overdose-response-team

Facts about fentanyl. DEA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dea.gov/resources/facts-about-fentanyl

Homeless deaths doubled in San Francisco during the pandemic's first year, mostly from drug overdoses. Homeless Deaths Doubled in San Francisco During the Pandemic's First Year, Mostly from Drug Overdoses | UC San Francisco. (2022, February 22). Retrieved from https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2022/03/422436/homeless-deaths-doubled-san-francisco-during-pandemics-first-year-mostly-drug

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San Francisco's new rapid response teams race to save lives as ODs dramatically rise

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San Francisco's new rapid response teams race to save lives as ODs dramatically rise

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In 2020, 712 people fatally overdosed, more than double the number of people who died from COVID-19 during the same period. the vast majority of those deaths - about 75%- involved fentanyl. Almost 30% of all overdose deaths here are among the unhoused or people "with no fixed address."
(Eric Westervelt, "San Francisco's New Rapid response teams race to save lives as ODs dramatically rise"

“OCME Accidental Overdose Reports.” OCME Accidental Overdose Reports | San Francisco, https://sf.gov/fil/node/1436

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It's a sun-filled, fall day and Nicholas is strapped to an ambulance gurney near 8th and Market streets in downtown San Francisco, dazed and barely conscious. Plastic IV tubes snake around his left hand where L-O-V-E is tattooed just below his knuckles.

"Nicholas, try to wake up a little bit for me, come on," paramedic Paula Fartash coaxes, as she unsuccessfully tries to rouse him from his drug-induced stupor.

Nicholas (we're not using his last name because of the stigma of addiction) tells Fartash that when he started getting high in nearby U.N. Plaza park, he assumed he was smoking his drug of choice.

"This gentleman thought that he was doing meth," the veteran San Francisco Fire Department paramedic says. "And turned out he was actually doing fentanyl as well," the synthetic opioid many times more powerful than heroin. "So he walked over to someone and they gave him some Narcan."

That's the brand name for naloxone, the emergency nasal spray drug used to try to reverse an otherwise potentially fatal overdose. That someone who administered life-saving antidote was a nearby volunteer and street cleaner carrying Narcan. It's part of a city-supported program.

San Francisco has among the highest per capita drug overdose death rates of any city in the U.S.

Faced with a stunning rise in drug overdose deaths the last few years, the vast majority tied to fentanyl, San Francisco has launched mobile teams made up of paramedics and nurses. The new Street Overdose Response Teams (SORT), a collaboration between the city's health and fire departments, aim to deliver a broad range of support and care directly following an overdose.

"Fentanyl is a game-changer," Dr. Hillary Kunins, the city's director of behavioral and mental health services, says of the opioidthat's 80 to 100 times stronger than morphine. "It requires a new way of thinking and resourcing." It also, she says, "requires people to learn to work across disciplines and sometimes across organizations."

Dr. Kunins previously led New York City's response to its overdose and substance abuse crisis. She concedes they aren't sure what combination of tools, ultimately, will work best here to not only reduce fentanyl and other drug-related deaths but also boost treatment success rates.

So the street overdose pilot project is part of a broad and ambitious strategy of interventions across city agencies.

"There is no single approach that's going to solve this complex problem," Kunins says. "What's exciting and important about the work is that it is really part of a movement across the country to rethink how we address people who are at risk of overdose, who have ongoing other challenges: mental health, housing, food. And we must do this work to scale."

Fentanyl forced city officials to change how they approached harm reduction

Capt. Michael Mason, a paramedic, is the fire department's point person on the new program. As he races to the call for Nicholas' overdose, he's simultaneously coordinating with other paramedics.

"So starting directly at the scene of this overdose, we can start trying to direct this guy's care in the best direction possible," Mason says.

That direct engagement could include helping to find a shelter bed, reaching out to friends or a doctor, helping with food or, most importantly, seeing if a person wants to start treatment with buprenorphine or suboxone, a medicated-assisted therapy for opioid dependence.

"Get this individual suboxone, stabilize him at the [emergency department], by that afternoon they can be in a treatment program," Mason says, "All in the context of a 911 incident."

For many years San Francisco has championed a harm reduction public health approach to lowering drug deaths and injury. The city, known for its relative tolerance of illicit drug use, was a pioneer of clean syringe access, distribution of life-saving naloxone kits, as well as boosting access to the treatment drugs methadone and buprenorphine.

But when fentanyl hit hard here starting a few years ago, the overdose crisis spiraled and the city was forced to rethink its approach. Free Narcan and syringes weren't enough.

"If fentanyl is in the drugs that you're using, your risk of overdose triples," Capt. Mason says, adding that the drug is now tainting most every street narcotic here: Meth, cocaine, heroin and fake opioid pills.

The new street response teams bring the clinic to the patients

Pandemic isolation and lockdowns - people using alone with no one to administer life-saving Narcan - only partially explain the historic rise in overdose deaths here.

The drug death rate, in fact, had been trending higher well before that, city medical examiner data show. In mid-2018 the numbers began to skyrocket, reaching 441 deaths in 2019. And in 2020, a whopping 712 people fatally overdosed, more than double the number of people here who died from COVID-19 during that same period.

The vast majority of those deaths - almost three-quarters -involved fentanyl.

The death toll would have been even higher if not for the wide availability of Narcan here. Well over 3,000 people reported using Narcan in the city in 2020, a self-reported figure. Officials say the real figure is probably far higher.

But health and fire department officials here, Mason says, noticed something else important: almost half of all who died of an overdose were treated or revived by a paramedic crew in the days or weeks before their death, a big signal they were headed for repeat trouble.

"Surviving a nonfatal overdose is one of the best predictors of future mortality.Anyone who survives a non-fatal overdose is a huge red flag for us, and that is what this program is about," he says.

A key goal is trying to bring the clinic to the patients: rapid, face-to-face follow-up outreach on the street.

"We go out, we look for them, we say, 'Hey, let's talk about yesterday,'" says city health department nurse practitioner Kevin Lagor, as he drives through the Tenderloin neighborhood, where many of his clients live. He's a program lead with SORT's outreach arm.

The goal is to reach back out within 24 to 72 hours of an overdose to try to assist the person with everything from housing to treatment.

"That could be providing medical care to address their mental illness. Maybe they're out of their meds, or maybe they want to start something to address their substance use disorder," he says. "Just kind of, basically, meeting them where they are and seeing what they need and how we can help them."

But to meet them where they are, the nurse teams first have to find them.

It's a huge challenge. Many of them are homeless, living in tents on the street or in and out of shelters.

The overdose and substance abuse crisis is directly linked to the city's epic struggles with homelessness and related challenges including mental illness. Almost 30% of all overdose deaths here are among the unhoused or people "with no fixed address." SORT collaborates closely with the city's other programs, including street medicine and new mental health and homeless street crisis response units.

City data show that men were almost four-times more likely to die of an accidental overdose than women. And the homeless, older San Franciscans and minority communities were disproportionately affected by the death rate. Almost quarter of all overdose deaths are among Black San Franciscans who make up just under 6% of the city's population.

More than 40% of all overdose deaths in the last year have been concentrated in two neighborhoods: the South of Market area and the Tenderloin, according to data from the city and county chief medical examiner's office. Those areas make up just 7% of the city's population.

While drug deaths hit every sector of society, many who overdosed were found in city-funded hotel rooms for the homeless and in low-income apartment buildings.

"We have to remember that this is a social crisis at the intersection, particularly in San Francisco, of a housing crisis, of a mental health crisis, of people living at the margins of society," says Dr. Dan Ciccarone, a professor and researcher at University of California, San Francisco.

Open air drug use and dealing in the Tenderloin, an area long challenged by poverty, homelessness and addiction crises, has only worsened during the pandemic. It's common, day or night, to see people smoking or shooting up opioids or nodding out from drug use.

One 32-year-old man named Neil says he's been homeless and living on the streets, mainly in the Tenderloin, for three years now. We're not using his last name because of the stigma of addiction.

He says he uses fentanyl "to take the edge off" off of his depression and chronic stomach pain. He occasionally sells drugs, he says, to get money to support his habit. He soon crushes a small amount of fentanyl into a piece of tinfoil and begins to smoke the drug.

Follow-up work by nurses is full of challenges

On a recent day, nurse Lagor has half a dozen clients listed on his clipboard. He can't find a single person.

"So we'll just kind of keep following up with the staff at the shelter," he says in the lobby of one facility, having been unable to find a client.

The same happens at a makeshift tent encampment behind a local Best Buy.

Outside another shelter, Lagor and his team strike out again trying to find a young man they thought they were making progress with. They'd recently written him a prescription for a supply of buprenorphine.

"He hasn't been here in a couple of days," Lagor says, disappointed.

"It is a bad sign. Sometimes folks disappear for a couple days and then resurface," he says. "Then they disappear, or it just falls apart."

And when it all falls apart, it can hit Lagor and the rest of his team hard.

"It's a lot of death and they're not strangers. You know, we've had a couple of deaths this week and we've, we shed tears together," Lagor says. "It's hard not to care about someone when you're really trying to help them."

Addiction and public health experts say these mobile, non-police teams mark a much-needed pivot for the city.

"It's bold and it's innovative. I like it," says Dr. Ciccarone, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco and a leading expert on drug use, drug users and heroin. "We need to bring in some innovations here because fentanyl is a wild card and it has caught us all by surprise. That's what we need to do in a crisis situation: Think creatively."

But Dr. Ciccarone cautions that the ravages of fentanyl and its complex stew of related challenges mean the city needs to scale-up this new street overdose response program and continue to try to break down obstacles to treatment that include bureaucratic silos, turf battles and funding woes.

"It's definitely not enough," he says. "We have to make sure that harm reduction is adequately funded, that our mental health system, our substance treatment system, our housing systems are adequately funded."

So far, just two months since the program's launch, 10% of those encountered by the SORT teams who've overdosed are now getting medicated assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. That includes buprenorphine or suboxone in collaboration with city's street medicine nurses.

"I'm proud of that number," Capt. Mason says, "and I very much look forward to increasing that."

To get that number even higher, the fire department has applied to the state EMS agency to allow paramedics to more easily administer and prescribe those treatment drugs directly in the field.

Despite a recent slight drop in monthly fatalities the city looks to end 2021 with more than 700 overdose deaths for the second year in a row. Unfortunately, Dr. Kunins, the city's director of behavioral health services, says San Francisco is "on track to continue this really tragic loss of life."

Paramedics on the team look for small victories

Back on the street, another call comes in from the 911 dispatcher for a possible overdose. A middle-aged woman has been found slumped over in a McDonald's bathroom across town in the Fillmore district.

Capt. Mason's occasional staccato siren squawks aren't working on a handful of indifferent drivers and pedestrians in heavy rush-hour traffic. So he hits his fire truck's lights sirens full bore.

When they arrive, the woman tells the paramedics she has relapsed after several months of sobriety.

The heroin she bought, Mason says, was likely laced with fentanyl. Narcan saved her.

Inside the ambulance, Mason says the woman handed paramedics a crumpled, greasy brown fast-food bag and asks that they get rid of it.

" There were some clean syringes in there and what appeared to be small bags of heroin."

Mason finds out she was already part of a medicated-assisted treatment program using suboxone. He says she told them that she wants to get sober again.

"She was feeling extreme shame from experiencing a relapse," he says. "Substance use disorder impacts millions of Americans. There's no shame in having a relapse."

He hopes she restarts her suboxone treatment quickly.

"As for today," Mason says, "and as for surrendering those items and requesting they be disposed of, my hat's off to her."

The paramedics and nurses involved in this pilot project are dedicated to this difficult work. But all say working across multiple city agencies, treatment centers, health providers and non-profits can be exhausting.

"It's complicated," Mason says with a sigh, "it takes work from dozens of folks in a single encounter."

How does he handle the strain of 12-hour shifts filled racing from overdose to overdose, including to some who seemingly don't want help and others who don't survive?

"For my own mental health, I have to kind of remain an optimistic warrior," he says, driving his fire department pick-up through rush hour traffic. "There's a quote in the Talmud that says, I won't get it exactly right, but essentially says, "You don't have to end this work, but you do have to start it.'"

And the woman who overdosed in the McDonald's bathroom who wants help again? It's a small victory.

Maybe.

It's a start.

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San Francisco's new rapid response teams race to save lives as ODs dramatically rise

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It's a sun-filled, fall day and Nicholas is strapped to an ambulance gurney near 8th and Market streets in downtown San Francisco, dazed and barely conscious. Plastic IV tubes snake around his left hand where L-O-V-E is tattooed just below his knuckles.

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The Urban Institute and County senior healthcare officials reported that in 2015-2016 over 100 Contra Costa residents died from opioid overdoses and an estimated 54,000

county residents currently suffer from Opioid Use Disorder (OUD).

The Opioid Crisis - Cc-Courts.org. https://www.cc-courts.org/civil/docs/grandjury/2017-2018/1806/1806-The_Opioid_Crisis.pdf.

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San Francisco is grappling with an increasingly deadly drug overdose epidemic.

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San Francisco is grappling with an increasingly deadly drug overdose epidemic.

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Fentanyl was involved in 73% percent of accidental overdose deaths in 2020, most often in combination with other drugs. The synthetic opioid, which is manufactured in labs, is “often added to other drugs because of its extreme potency, which makes drugs cheaper, more powerful, more addictive and more dangerous"

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, February 23). Fentanyl facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/fentanyl/index.html

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Drug overdose accounts for 1 in 4 deaths among Unhoused population

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Drug overdose accounts for 1 in 4 deaths among Unhoused population

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In a cohort study done in Boston, Massachusetts, of people experiencing homelessness, drug overdose accounted for 1 in 4 deaths, with synthetic opioid and polysubstance involvement becoming predominant contributors to mortality in recent years (Danielle Fine, Kirsten Dickins, Logan Adams, et al, "Drug Overdose Mortality Among People Experiencing homelessness, 2003 to 2018", doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42676)

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Mayor Of San Francisco Declares a State of Emergency in the Tenderloin

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Mayor Of San Francisco Declares a State of Emergency in the Tenderloin

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In December of 2021, the drug epidemic in San Francisco got to a bad enough state that the Mayor of San Francisco, London Breed, declared a state of emergency in the Tenderloin. “We are losing over two people a day to drug overdoses, mostly to fentanyl, and mostly in the Tenderloin and SoMa.” Seeing what action in terms of response to COVID-19, and the concern that that San Francisco overdose mortality rate was nearly twice the rate of COVID-19 deaths prompted the action.

Office of the Mayor. Mayor London Breed Declares State of Emergency. Mayor London Breed Declares State of Emergency in the Tenderloin | Office of the Mayor. Retrieved from https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-london-breed-declares-state-emergency-tenderloin

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A reduction in the amount of people experiencing homelessness in the Bay Area who die of fentanyl overdose

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-An increase in the number of drug users that experience homelessness in the Bay Area who know how to use narcan within 10 months.
- An increase in the number of drug users that experience homelessness in the Bay Area who know how to identify fentanyl in drugs within 10 months.

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- An increase in the number of drug users that experience homelessness in the Bay Area who know what fentanyl is within 4 months.
- An increase in the number of drug users that experience homelessness in the Bay Area who know where they can access a supply of Narcan within 6 months.

- An increase in the number of drug users that experience homelessness in the Bay Area who know the factors that put them at higher risk of experiencing an overdose within 6 months.
- An decrease in the number of drug users that experience homelessness in the Bay Area who fear calling for help within 6 months.

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Program Activities Phase 1: Program Development (mos. 1-3)

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Program Activities Phase 1: Program Development (mos. 1-3)

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Identify a location to rent in Tenderloin SF for program activities

Hire staff

Develop curriculum to train fentanyl overdose prevention PALS

Develop training curriculum for fentanyl overdose prevention workshops

Create Shelter Outreach Campaign

Find shelters to collaborate with

Decide what information will be shared during this outreach

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Program Activities Phase 2: Program Implementation (mos. 4 - 21)

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Program Activities Phase 2: Program Implementation (mos. 4 - 21)

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Train PALS

15 fentanyl overdose  prevention peer educators (PALS)

3 hours 3x per week for 4 weeks

Identify what fentanyl is

How to use the testing strip

How to use Narcan

Step by step process of what to do during an overdose

PALS conduct OD prevention series ( 3 series of 6 workshops)  * Each cohort of PALS will be hosting 3 series of 6 workshops. Each series having a cohort of 15 participants to be completed over 6 weeks.)

Workshop 1: Education about what fentanyl is and its dangers.

Talk about experiences with fentanyl

Dangers of fentanyl/OD experiences

Workshop 2: How to use testing strips.

Distribute LifeKits to participants.

Workshop 3: How to use Narcan.

Nurse will assist PALS in teaching participants how to use and administer Narcan.

Workshop 4/5:  Helping Hand Course (2-Part Workshop)

Day 1: Nurse will oversee PALS in teaching step by step process on what to do during an overdose.

How to identify when you and/or a friend are having an overdose

What to do in case you or someone you know is experiencing an overdose

How to check for a pulse and perform chest compressions

Day 2: Discuss importance of getting emergency services quickly during an OD.

Alternative ways to get emergency help

Talk about Good Samaritan laws

Workshop 6: Review and Recommendations

"Test" participants on knowledge acquired from workshop series

Discuss and address any questions and comments

Suggest treatment services

3 hours 1x week for 8 months

Conduct Shelter Outreach Campaign

Create and distribute list of resources for different modes of substance abuse treatment

Design flyers and pamphlets to bring awareness to drug overdose and how to reduce it

1,500 flyers

1,500 pamphlets

2 hours biweekly x 8 months

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Program Activities Phase 3: Closing (mos 22-24)

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Program Activities Phase 3: Closing (mos 22-24)

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Celebratory Party - Closing Ceremony

Gift cards will be given to participants

Have participants talk about experience with PALS and what they've learned.

Each participant is given 2 Lifekits & $200 Gift card

A certificate of completion is awarded for participants who successfully completing the 6 week Workshop program

Develop final report to measure knowledge and skills regarding fentanyl use and overdose prevention

Celebrate those who are thinking about or choosing sobriety. Encourage those not there yet to seek help when ready.

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30 fentanyl prevention PALS (2 Cohorts of 15 PALS per session)

90 fentanyl prevention participants (6 cohorts of 15 participants)

1 curriculum to train fentanyl prevention PALS

1 curriculum to train fentanyl prevention participants

48 Shelter Outreach Visits

1,500 flyers

1,500 pamphlets

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Bay Area OD PALs (Prevention and Learning Services) Program Staffing

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Bay Area OD PALs (Prevention and Learning Services) Program Staffing

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-Program Manager (Part-time)
-Program Coordinator (Part-time)
-30 Peer-to-Peer PALs (Part-time)
*15 PALS per session

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Bay Area PALs (Prevention and Learning Services) Budget

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Bay Area OD PALs (Prevention and Learning Services) Budget

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Bay Area OD PALs (Prevention and Learning Services) Budget

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Copy of Budget Template -- Spreadsheet SWT - Sheet1-2