# data[].attributes.body
involves a close relationship with water and electrolytes
-when body water is lost, the extracellular fluid becomes highly concentrated with electrolytes, particularly sodium
-water loss occurs through the skin, water vapor in expelled air, sweating, vomiting, normal feces, and diarrhea

# data[].attributes.body
1) Receptors in the hypothalamus detect total dissolved material in the water outside of them. 2) Receptors in the kidney detect plasma sodium concentration.

# data[].attributes.body
1) The hypothalamus secretes the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin when too little water (hypertonic). 2) The kidney secretes renin when it senses that the plasma is too dilute, eg. low in sodium (hyponatremic). 3) Renin causes release of aldosterone from adrenal glands.

# data[].attributes.body
1) They either increase or decrease in thirst and 2) The kidney chooses between secretion or absorption of water (and sodium).

# data[].attributes.body
There are two one being Hypovolemia and the other being Hypervolemia. Hypovolemia is a deficit of body fluids and can occur secondary to bleeding and hemorrhage, severe dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea. While Hypervolemia is a fluid overload and can result from excessive water or sodium intake, and diseases such as liver failure, kidney failure and heart failure.

# data[].attributes.body
critical for delivering blood to all tissues without causing pressure damage
-entire body functions on the basis of the heart creating high enough pressure to supply blood to every cell in the body

# data[].attributes.body
Arterial BP receptors are specialized baroreceptors. These line the aorta, carotid arteries, and wall of the cardiac/heart muscle. It makes sense for some of the largest and most vital blood vessels (aorta and carotid arteries) to have these to monitor any potential changes in BP. These are the same cells which monitor sodium levels in the kidneys (a contributing factor to BP levels).

# data[].attributes.body
Output of the autonomic nervous system is overseen by the medulla oblongata of the brain. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by heart muscle cells in response to elevations in blood pressure/BP. Renin (precursor to angiotensin, a potent vasoconstrictor that can raise BP) can be produced by the kidney if hypotension (BP is too low) occurs.

# data[].attributes.body
These effectors can induce vasoconstriction (to raise BP) or vasodilation (to lower BP). Another function is to ensure a proper amount of force for the heart's contractions. Kidney function is also a factor due to the absorption and filtration of water and solutes such as sodium contributing to BP (filtering too much water at once lowers total blood volume and therefore lowers total BP).

# data[].attributes.body
Blood pressure should ideally be at a level where all of the organ systems have adequate amounts of blood coming and going to maintain optimal organ function. Prolonged inadequate blood flow to nearly any area will cause significant health problems. Not enough in the brain=potential coma and declining mental acuity. Not enough for the kidneys=renal failure with no ability to properly filter urine and reabsorb nutrients.
Western countries are especially at risk due to disproportionate hypertension. Having an abundance of food comes with its problems, and eventual cardiac issues from prolonged hypertension in 1/6 Americans (~60 MILLION) is no exception. Kidney/renal failure and declining vision are two of many potential health conditions stemming from hypertension that should encourage a more balanced lifestyle, sufficient exercise, and striving to be healthier for a country that is straying further and further away.

# data[].attributes.body
critical for all protein shapes, enzyme activities, muscle contractions, nervous impulses
-ideal core body temperature is 98.6 degrees F, or 37.7 degrees C

# data[].attributes.body
Thermoreceptors are nerves that can detect changes in temperature. They can be found in:

hypothalamus (the undersurface in the brain) , spinal cord,

internal organs, and great veins

# data[].attributes.body
1. Muscles
2. Hot or cold extremes
3. Sweat glands

# data[].attributes.body
The hypothalamus and its control over the autonomic

nervous system

# data[].attributes.body
Hypothermia: Freezing (core temperature under 95, loosing heat faster than it can be produced)

Hyperthermia: Burning (too much heat and humidity, core temperature 104 or more)

Pyrexia (fever): Elevated body temperature due to infection or inflamation

# data[].attributes.body
essential for bones, nerves, and muscles to work correctly
-plasma calcium concentration is tightly controlled
-our skeleton is a large calcium store
-long term regulation occurs through calcium absorption or loss from the gut

# data[].attributes.body
1. chief cells of the parathyroid glands
2. Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

# data[].attributes.body
1. The chief cells will produce parathyroid hormone or (PTH) in response to low calcium levels in the blood
2. The parafollicular cells will produce calcitonin in response to high calcium levels

# data[].attributes.body
1. The PTH or parathyroid hormone will cause calcium release from bone stores
2. Calcitonin will cause calcium deposition into bone
3. Skin cells will produce Vitamin D in response to PTH thus increasing calcium absorption from food

# data[].attributes.body
- Symptoms caused by low calcium levels could lead to muscle cramps, spasms, and twitching/tingling in the fingers as well as around the mouth
- Chronic loss of calcium can cause osteoporosis --> loss of bone density resulting in fractures from the slightest pressure
- Symptoms of high calcium levels could lead to weakness, lack of energy, not wanting to eat, nausea/vomiting, frequent urination, belly or bone pain

# data[].attributes.body
critical for providing cells with enough energy for daily activities, but too much can cause severe illness
-blood glucose levels are regulated within fairly narrow limits
-the pancreas is the primary glucose regulator

# data[].attributes.body
Blood Glucose control depends heavily on proteins called G-Protein coupled receptors. GPCR span cell membranes to relay signals from the outside in.

# data[].attributes.body
Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.

Organs involved:
Liver
Pancreas
Adrenal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Hormones

# data[].attributes.body
Effectors for uptake of glucose are the liver, adipose, tissue, and skeletal muscle and the effector for release of glucose is the liver.

# data[].attributes.body
Blood sugar regulation is the process by which the levels of blood sugar, primarily glucose are maintained by the body within the narrow range.

Insulin and glucagon help maintain the homeostasis which conditions inside the body remain steady

When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin.

When blood sugar level drops, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them.

# data[].attributes.body
-involves the coordinated regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure
-critical for maintaining a healthy weight and can affect all daily activities
-hypothalamus plays an essential role in regulating homeostasis
-hypothalamus generates perceptions of hunger and satiety
-50% of energy from glucose metabolism is converted into heat

# data[].attributes.body
Stomach Wall Cells - Secret Ghrelin
Intestinal Wall Cells - Secrete Pyy
Adipose Cells - Secrete Leptin
Beta Cells of the Pancreatic Islets - Secret Insulin

# data[].attributes.body
The Hypothalamus:

- Ghrelin makes us hungry

- Pyy, Leptin, and Insulin suppresses appetite

# data[].attributes.body
Food intake decisions

# data[].attributes.body
National Center for Health Statistic:
- 32.1% of Americans over 20 years are OBESE
- 31.8% of Americans over 20 years are OVERWEIGHT
- 28.4% of Americans over 20 years have NORMAL weight or UNDERWEIGHT
- 7.7% of Americans over 20 years are SEVERELY OBESE