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John Austin was a British legal philosopher born on March 3, 1790. In his career, he advocated a definition of law as a species of command. He also wanted to draw the line between positive law and morals. John Austin had little influence outside the supporters of Jeremy Bentham but he gained attention after his death in December 1859.

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He was the professor of jurispridence at University College London. He studied roman law and modern civil law but ended up resigning after he did not appeal to students. Then he was appointed to the Criminal Law Commission in 1833 but once again resigned after some frustrations. He was late appointed a commissioner on the affairs of Malta in 1936. He lived in Paris until 1849 and moved to Surrey until his death in 1859.

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John started to study law in the year 1812, about five years into the army. He practiced the subject from 1818 but stopped at The Chancery Bar in 1825.

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The lecture Province of Jurisprudence Determined was published in 1832, he   clears law and morality by defining law as a species of command. According to Austin, commands are expressions that encourage or discourage acts and include punishments. This is completely different from the laws of god "Natural Law".

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Austin looked at the doctrines of The Province as general jurisprudence. This is the analysis of basic concepts that created legal systems. His lectures mainly talked about "pervading notations" such as right, duty, persons, status, delict, and sources of law. He distinguished general jurisprudence from criticism of legal institutions. He called it the "science of legislation" which he believed were important to legal education.

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Why is positive law relevant in today's world?

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Why is positive law relevant in today's world?

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The purpose of positive law is to create a society that benefits each other. In the present day, the biggest reason positive laws exist as they can provide discouragement to acts of disobedience since they often come with punishments. These punishments can be for people who harm society (murder, break-ins) or corporations that conducted dishonourable ways of business (corporate espionage, unpaid interns, antitrust practices).

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Natural laws "law of god" are rules that have not been created by a human but instead everyone should know them. This can be etiquette, conventional morality, and international laws.

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Natural law can help guide the human race in the right direction even in today's world. Even if something is legal under the positive law, natural law will prevent people from committing wrong acts as they know morally that their actions are not acceptable.

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The philosophy of law as it relates to the boundaries created by the actions of the court  "Jurisprudence". This topic is still studied today as we continue to better understand the reasoning behind laws we have created.