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Energy is measured in calories or kilocalories (kcal).

These calories are obtained from the food and drink we consume. Therefore, the more calories we consume through our food the more energy we have to use.

If we do not use the calories they get stored in the body, causing weight gain.

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Definition

The process by which a new product of service is introduced into the general market

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The average adult requires a different about of calories mostly depending on their gender:

Adult male requires 2500 kcal/day

Adult female requires 2000 kcal/day.

However, these figures are dependent upon several factors:

The age of the individual (after age 25, the calorie needs of individuals start to fall).

The gender (as you can see, men usually need more calories).

The height of the individual (taller people tend to require more calories).

The energy expenditure (in other words, how much exercise the individual does – the more exercise, the more calories are required).

The basal metabolic rate (BMR). This is basically how fast energy is being used. It can vary from individual to individual.

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There are a large number of products which may be taken to help sports performance in some way.

These are known as ergogenic aids or performing enhancing drugs (PEDs).

Ergogenic Aid – A technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance

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Positive effects of a crowd

1. Creates an atmosphere

2. It is commonly accepted that cheering positively influences a team’s performance.

3. When playing a match, the home team receives much more support from the crowd in attendance.

4. Home-field advantage
The psychological advantage that the home team has over the visiting team as a result of playing in familiar facilities and in front of supportive fans

Negative effects of a crowd

1. Atmosphere is intimidating for those who are not used to it

2. Negative effect on performance as a result of increased pressure Safety costs and concerns

3. Negative affect on participation numbers amongst younger performers

4. Potential for crowd trouble – if spectators become too involved

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Definition

The financial Relationship between sport, sponsorship and media

Media uses sport to gain viewers/readers

Media used by business for advertising

Media can rely on subscription payments from spectators

Business pays for media advertising space/time

Business pays sport to act as advertising medium

Sport must be in media to attract sponsorship

Sport spectators may by merchandise via media/advertising

Positives

Sport gets money for allowing events to be televised

Business pays sports for advertising at grounds/events/sponsorship

Sport becomes popularised / more fans

Negatives

Media sensationalise sport/reports dysfunctional aspects

Media affects organization/timing of sport

Media can change nature of sport/ breaks/ length/ method

Only popular sports televised

Business – players spend too much time working / appearances

Business – more pressure to win due to sponsorship pressure

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For the vast majority of sports, an element of aggression may be required in order to succeed or win.​

Acts of aggression can be classified as:

Direct

Indirect

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4 Parts
1. Input
2. Decision Making
3. Output
4. Feedback

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Input
A performer must take in information from the environment, for example, what they can see, what they can hear, what they can feel.​
They choose what is the most relevant signal/cue/stimulus/piece of information at that time.​

For example, a fielder watching ​a cricket ball fly through the air.

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The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment.

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Etiquette

The unwritten rules concerning player behaviour that are not enforced but can be observed

Sportsmanship

Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event

Gamesmanship

The use of dubious methods, that are not strictly legal to gain an advantage (getting close to breaking the rules but getting away with it)

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Definition

Where a company pays money to a team or individual in return for advertising their goods

Sponsorship is simply a form of advertising to increase sales of a product and/or make the company’s name more well known.

Examples of sponsorship?

1. Financial

2. Clothing and Equipment, including Footwear

3. Facilities

There are sponsors who’s main aim is not to get an increase in sales

Local businesses will often support local teams simply with the intention of helping others

It’s almost like charity and is said to be philanthropic

Negatives of Sponsorship
The sponsors name becomes linked with the activity

Being linked with an activity that is performing badly reflects poorly on the sponsor.

Any negative aspects to sport, such as cheating violence or bad results can reflect negatively on the sponsor.

Sponsorship Don'ts!

Tobacco – Encourage people to smoke and this is clearly a health risk

Alcohol – Encourage underage drinking and alcohol abuse which is unhealthy

Reasons for sponsoring?

P – Publicity

A - Association

S – Support

T- Tax

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Definition
The main ways that people communicate collectively.

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Advantages
FAME

INCOME

LEVEL PLAYING FIELD

SUCCESS

Disadvantages
CHEATING

BANS

FINES

REPUTATION

HEALTH RISKS

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Rowdy, violent or destructive behavior

Forms it comes in:

Racist chanting

Fighting

Vandalism

Pitch invasion

WHY??

Rivalries (some sports they can sit together)

Hype

Fueled by Alcohol/Drugs

Gang Culture

Frustration (e.g. at officials decisions

Display of masculinity

Remember using HARD
Hype
Alcohol
Rivalry
Display of masculinity

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1. Early Kick offs

2. All-seater stadium

3. Segregation of fans

4. Improved security/CCTV

5. Alcohol restrictions

6. Travel restrictions/banning orders

7. Education/Promotional activity/campaigns and high profile endorsements

8. Fine – Team/country close stadia

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1. Sports Psychology
2. Socio-Cultural Influences
3. Health, fitness and Well-being
4. Use of Data

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The relative ratio of fat mass to fat=free mass (vital organs, muscle, bone) in the body.

Somatotypes

Ectomorph - Low body fat

Mesomorph - High muscle mass

Endomorph - High body fat

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ECTOMORPH (Thin)

Narrow hips and shoulders.

Very thin & lean

Not much fat/muscle

Long arms and legs

Examples:

1. High jumper

2. marathon runner

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MESOMORPH (Muscular)

Narrow hips

Broad shoulders.

Large muscle mass

Low body fat

Examples:

1. Rugby

2. sprinters

3. swimmers

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ENDOMORPH (Fat)

Wide hips and Narrow shoulders.

Pear shaped body

High fat content

Fat round middle, thighs and upper arms.

Examples:

1. Shot putters

2. Sumo wrestlers

3. Front row forwards- rugby (scrum)

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Principles of goal setting to increase and direct motivation

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Principles of goal setting to increase and direct motivation

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To set effective goals, you should remember the acronym 'SMARTER'. This stands for:

Specific - the goal must be clearly related to something you want to achieve, so rather than just saying, 'I want to get fit' you should say 'I want to improve my speed'.

Measurable - Your goal must be produced so that you can monitor your progress towards it. For example, you could expand the specific statement by saying 'I want to improve my speed by 0.3 seconds over 30m'

Achievable - It must be possible for you to achieve the goal.

Realistic - this links in with 'achievable' and takes into account any barriers that may prevent you from achieving your goal. For example, if you were injured, this would be a barrier to you achieving the speed-related goal mentioned before.

Time-related - there should be a timescale in which you will achieve your goal. For example, you could expand the goal by saying, 'I want to improve my speed by 0.3 seconds within 3 months of starting my training programme.' This provides you with a way to measure the goal.

Exciting - the goal that you set should be challenging enough to motivate you to want to achieve it. So, for example, a sprinter who was told that they would be selected for a national squad if they could improve their sprint time by 0.3 seconds would be more likely to work towards the goal.

Recorded - Have you ever heard the saying 'out of sight, out of mind'? The goal should be recorded in an appropriate way for the athlete and be kept somewhere visible. progress towards the goal should also be recorded and placed on view.

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To attain performance goals, you compare yourself to your previous performances. These type of goals are normally more flexible than outcome goals. An example would be you saying that you wanted to improve your 200m personal best time by 0.5 seconds.

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Outcome goals can benefit motivation when you are away from competition in the short term but can also decrease motivation in the long term if too much emphasis is placed on the outcome of an event.

Achieving this type of goal is partly dependent on your opponents. For example if you are a 200m runner who has just started competing, you may run a personal best time every race. But are likely to lose if you are competing against more experienced runners. If your coach only focuses on the outcome of an event, you may get fed up because you personal improvement isn't being recognised.

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This is a physiological and psychological state that a performer should reach before training or
competition.

Arousal is a physical and mental state of alertness /excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement.

Physically – Increases in arousal may cause a rise in heart rate or cause a performer to sweat more​

​

Mentally – Increases in arousal can get make a rugby player more aggressive in tackles

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Theory that analyses the relationship between arousal, anxiety, and performance in sport.

Inverted - U Hypothesis

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The inverted U hypothesis, developed by Robert M Yerkes and John D Dodson, suggests that:

As levels of arousal increase, performance will improve but only to an optimal point.

This point, or ‘peak’, is the best level of performance.

Further increase in the level of arousal will result in the performance steadily declining.

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When there is actual physical contact between performers​.

​

The ‘aggressor’ uses physical contact to directly and deliberately inflict harm upon their opponent.​

​

Examples​

A high rugby tackle with force​

A judo performer throwing their opponent illegally and with excessive force​

A boxer punching their opponent below the belt

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GCSE PE Live - Social Groups and Barriers to Participation

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What's the difference between ability and skill?

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Guidance – A method to convey information to a performer. Guidance methods:​

​

1. Visual (Seeing)​

2. Verbal (Hearing)​

3. Manual (Assist movement – physical)​

4. Mechanical (Use of objects/aids)

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Visual Guidance
Performer can see something.

Demonstration

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Verbal Guidance
It is provided by another person speaking to you

Coaching talking about what to do.

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Manual Guidance
Physically moving the performer

Physically putting a performer in the correct position

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Mechanical Guidance
Using a mechanical aids to assist a performer.

Harness for diving and gymnastics

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Decision Making
This is where the performer selects the appropriate response (movement or skill) from memory.​

A decision is made by combining short and long term memory.​

Short-term memory (STM) is remembering what you have seen and lasts for about 30 seconds.​

Long-term memory (LTM) is held in our brains where skills have been rehearsed and stored. Therefore, we can use memory and past experiences to make a decision.

For example: A cricketer will recall from their LTM how to catch a ball, compare that with what they are currently seeing (STM) so that a decision on the catch can be made.

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Output
The decision chosen is sent to the appropriate muscles to carry out the responses.​

For example: Impulses sent to arms and hands to start the appropriate muscular movements for the catch to take place.

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Feedback
Information is received via themselves (intrinsic) and/or from others (extrinsic) regarding the success of the action.​

Feedback received may affect how you complete skills in the future.​

For example: you can feel the ball in your hand (intrinsic) and your team mates cheer when you catch it (extrinsic).

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Basic Information Processing Model GCSE PE

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The learned action/behaviour to bring about pre-determined results with maximum certainty and the minimum outlay of time and energy.

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When explaining or defining a skill, the explanation or definition must contain the following key words and ideas:​

A learned ability - the basketball player has to learn how to perform a lay-up shot.​

Pre-determined results - the basketball player sets out to put the ball in the basket.​
Maximum certainty - the basketball player expects to put the ball into the basket every time.​

Maximum efficiency - the basketball player will appear to make the lay-up look effortless, with little energy required and apparently lots of time to do it.

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Inherited from your parents, abilities are stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire skills.

E.g. Balance, coordination - some people pick up throwing and catching much quicker than others.

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Inherited / Innate – Born with. From your parents genes.​

Stable– Doesn't’t change much. ​

Enduring  - Lasts your lifetime​

Underlying – Always there, what you may fall back on​

E.g. balance, coordination – Some people pick up throwing and catching much quicker than others.

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Sources:

From within (intrinsic)

From others (extrinsic)

From results/scores (extrinsic)

Types:

Positive/Negative

Knowledge of Results/Knowledge of Performance

Extrinsic/Intrinsic

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Positive feedback
Used if athlete correct – essential for motivation

Negative feedback
Used if incorrect – must include the actions required to achieve the correct movement

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Knowledge of Results & Knowledge of Performance

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Knowledge of Results & Knowledge of Performance

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Knowledge of Results (KR)

Factual provided by coach – you can often see it yourself though

How far you jumped in long jump

Did you score your basketball free throw?

What was your score in golf?

Knowledge of Performance (KP)
Provides more detail

How well you did irrespective of result

Deals with quality, not result

‘Excellent swing’ – golf

‘Excellent power through the laces’ – football

‘Excellent elbow extension’- basketball free throw

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Intrinsic
Feedback from within - kinaesthetic feel.

The 'feeling' you get when you hit the golf ball sweetly.

A tennis player know from the 'feel' of their serve if it was hit with enough power.

Extrinsic
Feedback from an external source

A score out of 10 in ice skating

Shout of well done from coach or spectator

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If we were looking at sports skill such as putting in golf​

​

The left part (under arousal) would see the performer maybe under hit the the golf ball, meaning the it wouldn’t reach and may be off line.​

​

The middle (optimal arousal) would see the performer to be at the perfect arousal. Their putt would be at the perfect speed to drop in the hole.​

​

The right part (over arousal) would see the performer to be too aggressive with the putt and see the ball go flying past the hole.

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1. Deep breathing (physical/somatic)

2. Mental rehearsal/ Visualisation/ Imagery (mental/cognitive)

3. Positive self-talk (mental/cognitive)

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It is a physical/ somatic technique which involves the performer exaggerating their breaths in and out. ​

​
Description​

The top half of the body should be relaxed and slow, deep breaths should be used to allow the performer to control arousal and focus their thoughts on the task in hand.​

​

Can be used before performance, and during the performance to focus the mind on the task

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Visualisation and imagery are very similar techniques used by performers to control their arousal levels. ​

​

Description​

These techniques are done in the performers mind (mental/cognitive). Mental rehearsal involves the performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly before attempting it.​

​

Can be used before or during the performance​

​

Examples?

Control arousal prior to kicking a rugby conversion​

Control arousal before playing a cricket shot​

Control arousal prior to throwing a javelin

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Is a mental/cognitive technique whereby the performer talks to themselves in their head.

Technique is usually positive and can reassure performers that they are doing well or are well prepared and can relax.​

​

Examples?​

A golfer reassuring themselves that they can hole a putt​

An athlete in the blocks confirming to themselves that they are good enough to win​

A netballer quietly encouraging herself to score, for example “come on, you can do this”

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Indirect aggression does not involve physical contact.​

The aggressive act is taken out on an object to gain an advantage over an opponent. ​

They do not physically harm or injure and the act my be within the rules of the sport. ​

The ‘harm’ such is usually mental harm, that is it makes the opponent feel less confident or worried.​

Examples​

Smashing a badminton shuttle very hard to win a point but also harming the confidence of the opponent​

In tennis, hitting a volley with power to win the point (but also to lower the opponent’s confidence)

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The ‘unique’ parts of a person’s personality distinguish them from other people.

Everyone is different but certain types of personality can be grouped into categories. ​

Two commonly used personality ‘types’:

Introvert

Extrovert

The two main things that classifies a person as introvert or extrovert are:​

1. How much arousal they need for optimal performance​

2. Whether they need others around them to stimulate them

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Characterised by being quiet, passive, reserved and shy​

​

Perform better at a lower level of arousal​

Introverts tend to play:​

Individual sports​

Ones requiring fine level of skill​

High levels of concentration​

Introverts prefer little variety and certain outcomes​
Such as cross country or swimming​

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Characterised by being sociable, active, talkative and out-going​

​

Perform better at a higher level of arousal​

​

Better at:​

Team games ​

Whole body movements (Gross Skills)​

Fast paced sports​

Little concentration​

​

Activities with varied outcomes and plenty of action/such as invasion games.  ​
Extroverts have been shown to have a greater pain tolerance so are suited to any contact sport, or one which allows contact. For example rugby and football​

Extroverts are often leaders within a team.

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The drive to succeed or the desire (want) to achieve something.​

​

What actually motivates you can be divided into two categories…​

Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation

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The drive that comes from within a performer.​

Pride​

Self - Satisfaction​

General achievement​

The performer is driven to achieve something for the feeling it brings them.

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The drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward (tangible or intangible)​

Tangible: Something you can physically touch e.g. Certificate, trophy, money.​

Intangible: Something you can’t touch e.g. praise and feedback from others, applause from the crowd

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Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as usually used together. A trophy may act as an extrinsic motivator, the pride or satisfaction from winning may also be intrinsic motivation.

SUPER
S - Stronger- intrinsic generally believed to be stronger/better​

U - Undermine - overuse of extrinsic can undermine intrinsic value​

P - Persist - More likely to persist if motivated intrinsically​

E - Effort- Effort is more likely if to be sustained if motivated intrinsically​

R - Reliance - Performers can become too reliant on extrinsic motivation

Although extrinsic rewards should not be underestimated. Winning a prize may spur a performer on and actually cause feelings of pride/self-satisfaction

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1. Focusses the player/Improves concentration

2. ​Allows performer to perform more accurately​

3. Gives them an extra push to work harder in training ​

4. May make them stay after training for extra practice

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Social Groups:​

People who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have a sense of unity/togetherness

Gender​

Race/Religion/Culture​

Age​

Family/Friends/Peers​

Disability

These have a huge influence on people and determine whether or not individuals become involved in sport and physical activity​.

It also helps to determine what activity they may become involved in​.
The biggest factor that determines a person’s engagement is their gender

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Barriers that affect participation of different social groups:

1. attitudes​

2. role models​

3. accessibility (to facilities/clubs/activities)​

4. media coverage​

5. sexism/stereotyping​

6. culture/religion/religious festivals​

7. family commitments​

8. available leisure time​

9. familiarity​

10. education​

11. socio-economic factors/disposable income​

12. adaptability/inclusiveness.

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Carbohydrates - 55-60%

Fats - 25-30%

Protein - 15-20%

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Because of the previous stereotypes (had by men about women), a number of barriers to participation occur which put women off partaking in a wide range of sports like men.

Sport is a male dominated activity

Elite female sport performers receive less support from their peers and family

Facilities for women have developed more slowly than those for male performers

Media coverage of elite women contains irrelevant details – looks, attractiveness, whether they are married or have children

Women have less role models

Not as many opportunities for females/girls

Race/religion/culture mean that women have to remain covered

Uninspiring PE lessons

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At school all children partake in PE as this is compulsory

Sports participation tends to be lower in older people because many activities are restricted by physical activity and this declines with age.

The type of activity varies by age with younger individuals more involved in team sport and older people more likely to be involved in individual activities

Post-School drop-out – The reduction in participation levels in young adults after they leave full-time education

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Both positive and negative impacts on physical activity.

Families

Families can both support the performer through kit or fees or emotional, watching and supporting

Many parents act as role models for their children. A lack of family and support can be a negative influence on participation

Friends
Peer Group – A group of people approximately the same age, status and interests

These have a big influence on individuals and therefore their possible participation in sport

Peers exert pressure on their friendship groups

Tendency to conform to rest of peer group

This is often seen in the way peers dress and behave, however can be positive and negative for participation in certain physical activities

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A physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses or activities.

There are wide range of conditions that come under the term disability and it is easy to make general assumptions about those with a disability without paying attention to their specific needs.

3 Main categories of disability

1. Mobility Impairments - Movement

2. Sensory Impairments – Sight/Hearing/Touch

3. Mental Impairments – Learning disabilities

Integration – Involving the full participation of all people in community life, but usually referring to disabled people.

Adapted sports – Competitive sports for individuals with disabilities.

(while they often parallel existing sports played by able-bodied athletes, there may be some modifications in the equipment and rules to meet the needs of the participants)

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1. Attitudes

2. Role Models

3. Accessibility (to facilities/clubs/activities)

4. Media Coverage

5. Sexism/Stereotyping

6. Culture/Religion/Religious/Festivals

7. Family Commitments

8. Available leisure time

9. Familiarity

10. Education

11. Socio-economic factors/disposable income

12. Adaptability/ inclusiveness

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A way to remember some of the key barriers

Media

Accessibility

Role Models

Stereotypes

Culture

Attitudes

Time

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Technology has changed and developed greatly in the recent years but there are positives and negatives to the below groups of having technology included in sport.

Performer

Sport

Official

Audience/spectator

Sponsor/company

Technology can be used for a wide variety of things in sport such as:

Decisions

Enhance performance

Analysis

Rehabilitation

Safety Reasons

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Positives

Analysis of sport performance has allowed coaches to greatly improve quality of feedback given to performers

Increased accuracy in time and distance measurements of performance

Referees, umpires and other officials are enabled to make better decisions on rule infringements

Improved design of sports equipment, clothing and footwear

Negatives

Those who often have access to the best technology are the winners

Time taken waiting for off-field decisions can lead to frustration for performers

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Positives

Ensure decisions are accurate

Able to communicate more effectively with earpieces and microphones

Make decisions with the use of multiple camera angles

Pressure and criticism reduced because decisions are made with the benefit of technology rather than instantaneously

Benefit of appealing a decision

Negatives

Over reliant on the technology slow game down if use it too regularly

Slows the game down too much

Cost

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Positives

Better experience at home through better camera angles (e.g. Glass walls and reflective ball in squash)

All surface pitches - games never cancelled - (e.g. 3G pitch)

Benefit of improved camera technology –allows spectators to get a truer version of the game. (red button, hawkeye, player cams)

Much more knowledgeable about the activity and player stats – (Number of shots on target & pundits during and at the end of games)

Negatives

Detracts from actual play

Reduces atmosphere at live events

Increases broadcaster costs to get match analysis

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Positives

Assisted with how sponsors can advertise their products

More cameras – Higher chance of sponsor being seen

Logos painted onto the pitch

More advertising more sales and profits

Negatives

Injuries, cheating and losing negatively affect sponsors through slow motion replays

Social media surrounding drugs etc. negative impact on sponsors

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The way people play sports is fixed by rules, but there are unwritten rules which people try to abide by whether they are playing or spectating.

Unwritten Rules

Kicking the ball out when someone is injured so they can get treatment

Kicking the ball back to the team when the ball goes back in

Shaking hands after the match

Officiating themselves (golf)

Admitting to breaking the rules (admitting handball or not a penalty)

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Shaking hands with opponent’s after an important football match, regardless of the score

In rugby a tunnel is formed and opponent’s are clapped through and off the pitch

Acknowledging a ball was out in tennis

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Player calling the ball ‘in’ in tennis even when the line judge has called it out

Helping a rival player up if they are down injured

Kicking the ball out if someone is injured in opposition and getting the ball back when restarting

Shaking hands

Accepting decisions

Fair Play

Thanking officials

Walking in cricket

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Sandpaper – Cricket

Diving – Football

Time wasting when winning

Retying shoe laces to break attention when an important serve is about to happen – Tennis

Sledging in cricket – verbally intimidating bowlers/batters

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An agreement that in sport players try to win, play within the rules and etiquette and allow the opposition a free and fair opportunity to win.

Usually in the performers head than written down. (some may be written and signed in pre season)

Example – Shaking hands prior to the match. Agreeing they are going to try their hardest and allow the opposition to play

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A person’s choice to engage in little, or irregular, physical activity.

Consequences

Gaining Weight/Obese - (Physical health and well-being)

Heart disease - (Physical health and well-being)

Hypertension (High Blood pressure in arteries) – (Physical health and well-being)

Diabetes - (Physical health and well-being)

Poor sleep/insomnia – (Physical health and well-being)

Self-esteem/confidence – (Mental health and well-being)

Tired and Lethargic – (Physical/Mental health and well-being)

Lack of friends/poor communication skills – (Social health and well-being)

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A term used to describe people with a large fat content, usually over 40% body fat – caused by an imbalance of calories consumed to energy expenditure. BMI of over 30 or 20 per cent or move above ideal weight for height.

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

A measure of whether someone is obese or not.

Less than 20 = Underweight

20 – 25 = Correct Weight

25-30 = Overweight

More than 30 = Obese

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Physical affects on performance - BAD

Blood Pressure increases

Attacks of the heart can occur

Diabetes may develop

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Mental

Depression

Loss of confidence.

Can’t contribute

Social

Inability to socialise

Inability to leave home.

Physical

Cancer

Heart disease/heart attacks

Diabetes

High cholesterol.

Injury

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The main and preferred energy source for all types of exercise, of all intensities. The body requires a supply of glucose as an energy fuel and carbohydrate acts as main source of glucose.

Two Types:

Simple Carbohydrates, or sugars, including glucose, which break down quickly and provide your body with immediate energy.

Complex Carbohydrates, or starches, which are released slowly by your body and are less likely to be stored as body fat.

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Fat is also an energy source and helps to carry vitamins in the body, e.g. Vitamin A. It provides more energy than carbohydrate but only when exercising at a low intensity.

Two Types:

Saturated Fat is typically solid at room temperature. Too much saturated fat in your diet increases your risk of developing heart disease and becoming obese.

Unsaturated Fat is normally liquid at room temperature. It is much healthier than saturated fat and plays a role in reducing your risk of developing heart disease.

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Is predominantly for growth and repair of body tissues. It also has a small part to play in providing energy.

For some athletes (Weightlifters/strength power athletes).

A diet rich in protein is beneficial to help them with the development and repair of muscle tissue.

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Dehydration - Excessive loss of body water interrupting the functioning of the body.

Blood thickens (increased viscosity), which slows blood flow

Increases heart rate/heart has to work harder. This can cause irregular heart rate

Increase in body temperature/overheat

Slower reaction time/poorer decision making

Muscle fatigue/cramps

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Water makes up more than half of the human body, it is essential to maintain hydration levels.

It helps with:

1. Reactions

2. Lubrication

3. Maintaining body temperature

Amount of water you should drink in a day depends on:

The environment you are in. e.g. you would need more water in the desert.

The temperature in which you are in - the hotter it is the more you sweat and therefore you need more water

The amount of exercise/activity you are doing - exercising means that you need to replace water (rehydration)