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he greatest example of Mughal architecture is the Taj Mahal, a tomb built in 1631 by Shah Jahan

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From 1300 to 1700, three “Gunpowder Empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia

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Elizabeth ruled for 45 years
and became the greatest monarch in English history

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wanted to modernize and “Westernize” Russia to catch up with Europe

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believed that he WAS the government. "I am the state"

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the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun

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discovered how gasses work. considered the founder of modern chemistry

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discovered and explained the theory of gravity

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an astronomer and mathematician, proved Copernicus’ theory to be true. He also proposed that planets move in elliptical orbits and do not always travel at the same speed around the Sun

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one of the most influential scientists.
1. improved telescopes
2. invented the pendulum
3. perfected the scientific method
4. created the law of inertia

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disproved the ancient Greek “geocentric theory,” and discovered the “heliocentric theory”

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started in the mid-1500s in Europe. During the Scientific Revolution, Europe discovered new facts relating to fields of physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry, and anatomy

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For 300 years, slaves were sold in West Africa and brought to America along a route across the Atlantic Ocean known as the Middle Passage

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Due to mercantilism, a “triangular trade” developed between Europe, their overseas colonies, and Africa

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Nations developed an economic policy called mercantilism based upon the idea that national power comes from a favorable balance of trade

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The introduction of new foods, plants, and animals between America and Europe

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Samuel de Champlain was a French colonist, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler

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Hernán Cortés was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire

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Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru

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Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas

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broke off from the catholic church. Henry VIII was officially made the head of the England’s new Anglican Church

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created Calvinism.
believed men and women were sinful by nature, and that God choose a few “elected” people to save - predestination

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He was a Catholic monk and was deeply troubled by the Church’s selling of indulgences.
Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against corrupt Church practices called the “Ninety-Five Theses”

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Reformers protested Church corruptions and practices with the hope of reforming the Catholic Church. Led to the formation of new Christian denominations

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German artisan and businessman. Gutenberg took the Chinese idea of the printing press and invented a far more efficient version of it.
Gutenberg’s invention would greatly help the ideas of the Renaissance spread throughout Europe

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The Handbook of the Christian Knight- A work of a Christian Humanist
In Praise of Folly- Book in which Erasmus criticizes the areas of society that were in most need of reform

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The plays and sonnets of William Shakespeare focused on how people interact with each other

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an Italian writer who wrote in the “vernacular”

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father of Italian renaissance
"father of humanism"

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a former government worker in Florence who wrote about his experiences in politics.
wrote the end justifies the means

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"perfected" renaissance painting
improved perspective and realism

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the first great sculptor of the renaissance

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ultimate "renaissance man"
He was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, engineer, scientist, alchemist, musician, anatomist, map-maker, and writer

greatest work - Mona Lisa

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Renaissance artist
most famous work- ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

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characteristic of Renaissance art: vanishing point

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the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural elements

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"rebirth"
Western Europe experienced a rebirth in trade, art, and learning based on Greece and Rome ideas

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The uniqueness of man and the power of human reason.
Petrarch - father of Italian Renaissance