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Abortion - Angus

Abortion - Angus

Introduction:

Abortion is a heavily debated topic that has existed for decades. Many perspectives exist on this topic ranging from being completely against the idea of killing a child at any time within conception, instead viewing life as sacred and not to be taken. Others would say that abortion is a fundamental right that is a benefit to women across the world and taking the rights from women is a step back for humanity

Pro-Life:

One view is that abortion should be illegal, as it is considered to be the taking of a human life. Those who hold this view often argue that a fetus is a person from the moment of conception, and therefore has a right to life that must be protected. They may also argue that abortion is morally wrong, and that it undermines the sanctity of life. The view of pro-life is not centralized and has many stages. Some may not believe in terminating a pregnancy at certain points in the trimester birth while others will completely disregard any thought of killing a child.

Facts:

30% of taxpayer dollars is spent performing abortions in the U.S.

The cardiovascular system is the first major system to function. At about 22 days after conception the child’s heart begins to circulate his own blood, unique from that of his mother’s, and his heartbeat can be detected on ultrasound.

From as early as 12 weeks—and certainly by 20 weeks—an unborn child can feel pain.

61 percent of Americans believe abortion should only be legal during the first three months of pregnancy, or in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother.

Under .5% of women who have an abortion do it because of rape or sexual assault.

Prominent Pro-Life Figureheads:

Ben Shapiro

Conservative commentator and journalist.

Donald Trump

former president of the United states.

Justin Bieber

pop-star

Steven Crowder

conservative commentator.

Women's Rights and Pro-Abortion:

Many people believe that a woman has the right to make decisions about her own body, including whether to terminate a pregnancy. They argue that a fetus is not a person until it is born as well as that the choice of its life is in the hands of the mother, and that a woman's right to control her own body is important. They may try to say that making abortion illegal would force women to seek unsafe and illegal abortions, putting their health and safety at risk.

Facts:

45% of abortions worldwide are viewed as unsafe!

1 in 4 pregnancies end in abortion every year.

Criminalizing abortion doesn’t make them stop, it makes them more dangerous.

Over the last 25 years, more than 50 countries have changed their laws to allow for greater access to abortion, at times recognizing the vital role that access to safe abortion plays in protecting women’s lives and health. Ireland joined that list on 25 May 2018 when, in a long-awaited referendum, its people voted overwhelmingly to repeal the near-total constitutional ban on abortion.

Despite attention paid to abortions that occur later in a pregnancy, more than 80% of abortions occur at or before 9 weeks gestation and more than 93% at or before 13 weeks, according to 2020 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Famous Pro-Abortion Figureheads:

Amy Schumer <- Not Funny

Gloria Steinem

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Hillary Clinton

Nancy Pelosi

Religion:

Religion is often intertwined with the debate about abortion, as many religious traditions have specific teachings about the value of human life and the moral status of the fetus. For example, the Catholic Church teaches that life begins at conception and that abortion is always wrong, while some Protestant denominations may hold less strict views. In many cases, religious beliefs may influence an individual's stance on abortion. Some may argue that the fetus has a soul and that terminating a pregnancy is a sin, while others may view abortion as a matter of personal freedom and individual choice.

However, it is worth noting that not all individuals of the same religion will hold the same views on abortion. Religious traditions are complex and multifaceted, and individuals may interpret teachings in different ways.

Here is a study done to see the percentage of different religions that believe it to be Legal and Illegal:

Legal               Illegal           (%)

Buddhist       82                     17

Catholic        48                     47

Protestant       33                  63

Hindu               68                 29

Jehovah's Witness      18       75

Jewish          83           15

Muslim          55           37

Mormon         27            70

Non - Religious      73       23

*US Study done here: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/views-about-abortion/*

Conclusion:

Regardless of one's religious beliefs, it is important to approach discussions about abortion with sensitivity and respect. It is natural for individuals to feel strongly about their convictions, it is important to remember that others may hold different beliefs, and that mutual understanding and respect are key to constructive dialogue.

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Cooper McIntyre: Domestic Violence-Task 3

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Cooper McIntyre: Domestic Violence-Task 3

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What is Domestic Violence?

"Domestic violence is a complex pattern of behaviours that may include, in addition to physical acts of violence, sexual abuse and emotional abuse" (The Medical Journal of Australia). Women generally experience domesticity violence at far greater rates than their male counterparts. Domestic Violence involves 4 different types of abuse:

Physical Abuse: causing pain and injury; denial of sleep, warmth or nutrition; denial of needed medical care; sexual assault; violence to property or animals; disablement; and murder

Verbal Abuse: in private or in public, designed to humiliate, degrade, demean, intimidate, subjugate, including the threat of physical violence

Economic Abuse: including deprivation of basic necessities, seizure of income or assets, unreasonable denial of the means necessary for participation in social life

Social Abuse: through isolation, control of all social activity, deprivation of liberty, or the deliberate creation of unreasonable dependence.

General Data and Statistics:

An average of 24 people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States — more than 12 million women and men over the course of a single year.

Nearly 3 in 10 women (29%) and 1 in 10 men (10%) in the US have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by a partner and reported it having a related impact on their functioning.

Just under 15% of women (14.8%) and 4% of men in the US have been injured as a result of intimate partner violence that included rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner.

1 in 4 women (24.3%) and 1 in 7 men (13.8%) aged 18 and older in the US have been the victim of severe physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime.

Intimate partner violence alone affects more than 12 million people every year.

Over 1 in 3 women (35.6%) and 1 in 4 men (28.5%) in the US have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime.

Almost half of all women and men in the US have experienced psychological aggression by an intimate partner in their lifetime (48.4% and 48.8%, respectively).

Women ages 18 to 24 and 25 to 34 generally experience the highest rates of intimate partner violence.

Most female victims of intimate partner violence were previously victimized by the same offender at rates of 77% for women ages 18 to 24, 76% for ages 25 to 34, and 81% for ages 35 to 49.

Laws in Australia:

There are 2 main legislation regarding domestic violence, those being:

The Family Law Act of 1975 was an act implemented by the Australian government. The purpose of the division according to the act include resolving disputes, classifying specific forms of violence, clarifying the court laws around the issue and the overall protection of victims, especially women and children.

The 2012 Domestic and Family Violence Act on the other hand focuses more on the police force, via detailing what domestic violence orders (DVO) are, that being " a set out conditions that must be obeyed by the person who has committed the violence ('the respondent')."

The Argument Presented:

This was an argument that was presented by a Medium article, by writer Andrew. The argument he presents is:

"Domestic violence is a way for men to establish power and control over women. The ‘batterer’s’ actions are consciously chosen patterns to gain power over women. He feels entitled to abuse women, and he is the end-point of a culture of brutal masculinity that sees men as the rightful patriarchs over women."

For The Argument:

Historically in patriarchal society women were marginalised, having very little to no rights and infantilised

Medieval: morally inferior and in need of men to correct and train them.

Victorian: "Embody idealised delicacy, innocence, submission, and purity through their pre-existing nature".

The belief that a man’s ‘right’ to physically discipline ‘his’ woman still exists in many more patriarchal societies, where male control is still  enforced in culture and religions.

Against The Argument:

Domestic violence in any forms has serious health consequences for the victim. It can result in strong negative outcomes such as increased risks of chronic pain and other chronic conditions such as diabetes, lung cancer, strokes, etc. Behavioural issues are also a major concern when it come to abuse, as impacts such as depression, alcohol and substance abuse and high-risk sexual behaviours can be consequences. In addition domestic violence is linked to a decrease in social health, such as poor performance in the workplace, social isolation and further health risks for the victims and their families.

Perspectives:

Perspective is an outlook or view on an event/story based on personal beliefs, attitudes and values. It can be generally classified as a point of view.

Medical: According to the Australian Institution of Health and Welfare (AIHW), in Australia, 33% of assault hospitalisations were due to family and domestic violence (2020/21). The statistics continue to read that " of all family and domestic assault hospitalisations in 2020–21: 74% (5,600) were female and 26% (2,000) were male. 64% (4,900) had the perpetrator reported as a spouse or domestic partner" This statistic helps signify how much of a major issue domestic violence is when it comes to the medical sense. Domestic violence increases burden of disease (quantified impact of living with and dying prematurely from a disease or injury), which can be seen with in 2018 a total of 228 deaths occurred due to intimate partner violence, acclimating to 1.4% of the total burden amongst women. Death in general is also a major outcome of domestic violence, with the AIC's National Homicide Program (July 2019 - June 2020) recording 86 domestic homicide victims. Of all victims, 69% were female, with a further 61% of those women being killed by intimate partners.  A recent report (AIHW 2010-2011 compared to 2018-2019) found that people who had a family and domestic violence hospitalisation were 10 times as likely to die due to assault, 3 times as likely to die due to accidental poisoning or liver disease, and 2 times as likely to die due to suicide.

Historical: Historically, patriarchal society was a major influence to domestic violence in the western world. Women were. Little more than chattel for much of history, having very little to no rights and viewed essentially as children (infantilised). Furthermore, in the medieval period, women were conceived of as "morally inferior and in need of men to correct and train them." This view later changed for women during the Victorian period to

"embody idealised delicacy, innocence, submission, and purity through their pre-existing nature". Of course, the belief in a man’s ‘right’ to physically discipline ‘his’ woman still exists in many more patriarchal societies where male control is still  culturally and religiously enforced and women’s minimal rights and freedoms.

Social: Domestic violence has been found to have major impacts on all factors of health, especially social. Social health (according to the World Health Organisation) refers to "an individual's ability to handle and act based on different social conditions". Domestic abuse has been found to result in emotional harm, including a loss of confidence and self esteem, isolation from family, friends and community, long term social difficulties, poor performances in the work place. These social impacts can ultimately result in physical issues (such as an increase in the rate of chronic conditions, for example diabetes, stokes, heart disease, etc.), and emotional issues, (an increase in mental health issues, such as depression, which can ultimately result in self harm and suicide).

My Opinion:

I personally believe that domestic violence is never appropriate, in any form, culture or society. It is an issue that needs to be talked about more in modern day, and laws need to be tightened. It has so many negative externalities not just towards the victims health, both physical, social and emotional, but outside parties, such as family and society.

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Religon

The belief in and worship of a superhuman power or powers, especially a God or gods

Aetheism

It is simply a rejection of the assertion that there are gods. Atheism is too often defined incorrectly as a belief system. To be clear: Atheism is not a disbelief in gods or a denial of gods; it is a lack of belief in gods.

Global Beliefs

84% of people lend themselves to a religion

4,000 recognised religions

Top 3 are Christianity, Islam, Aethiesm

Controversy
As many different religions coexist among countries and people, conflict and discrimination, can come from the strong beliefs that some believe.

Global Stances

The highest overall levels of restrictions are found in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran, where both the government and society at large impose numerous limits on religious beliefs and practices. These restrictions either ban religion utterly or concentrate on one religion. More democratic society’s, give people freedom of religon, allowing all to express there any religon. Australia currently lends itself towards a democratic viewpoint, with a diverse range of over 120 faiths.

Cons of Religon

Religon can generally cause a conflict of belief with others, many people who strongly believe can go to extreme measures such as terrorism to pressure others who do not align with there beliefs. Beliefs can make a false sense of reality, better afterlife inducing suicide or the greater power “telling” you to do things that are against the law. Can cause discrimination between minorities, such as women and lgbtq

Pros of Religon

Religon can hold some very established values, that are compilable in society. They can allow people to find motive and direction through faith. Support within the systems provided by the Religon, such as counselling etc.

Perspectives

Economic: Many firms find it hard to target all groups of religions, as they will have to alter there marketing strategies and products in order to achieve higher sales. In an economy such as Pakistan, where Islam is the primary Religon, companies are able to easily cater for the whole population based on Religion, making less religions favourable from an economic stance

Political: in terms of ethics, freedom of religion should be endorsed as people then are able to express themselves how they please. In many places churches play beneficial roles in their countries by strengthening social bonds and helping the poor, by providing funds, food, shelter and support, leading some countries to fund religious states heavily. Many say religious institutions are overly focused on money and power, excessively focused on rules and too involved with politics. Indeed, majorities in most countries surveyed prefer that religion be kept separate from government policies and say religious leaders should have little or no influence in political matters.

Key people

Stephen Hawking: Hawking wrote "there is no God." But it's not the first time the scientist, who died in March, has shared his belief on the subject, through his life long scientific study, he has extensive reasoning on his stance.

Vladimir Putin : “Why did Christ come into the world? To liberate people from sickness, troubles, from death. In its essence, Christmas is a holiday of hope.”

Historical events of Religon

9/11 attacks on the twin towers, New York, involved conflicts of the American Military Supporting the Jewish Israel state against the Islamic Palestine.

Afghanistan war started as a result of the Islam Terrorist organisations attacks on the non Islam world, with the British and American military’s invading

The holocaust, a result of christian faith, Adolf hitler having an outward hate to the Jewish population.

Sri Lanka bombing on Easter, an outward attack of Muslim terrorists on the Christian faith

Many more

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A clear example of a potent sample of Northern Lights Cannabis Indica.(A+++)

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SHOULD WE LEGALISE MARIJUANA??
Background information:
Globally, cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug with over 188 million people estimated to have used it in 2017. The use of cannabis, or marijuana, for medicinal purposes is deeply rooted though history, dating back to ancient times. It once held a prominent position in the history of medicine, recommended by many eminent physicians for numerous diseases, particularly headaches and migraines.

Health benefits:
medicinal use of cannabis may have a therapeutic role for a multitude of diseases, particularly chronic pain disorders including headaches. Supporting literature suggests a role for medicinal cannabis and cannabinoids in several types of headache disorders including migraine and cluster headaches. However, it is primarily limited to case-based, anecdotal, or laboratory-based scientific research. Cannabis contains a vast number of pharmacological and biochemical compounds, of which only a minority are understood, so many potential therapeutic uses likely remain undiscovered.
CBD is thought to have some effects with therapeutic potentials, such as anti-epileptic and anxiolytic effects. While the effects of THC have been extensively studied and are well known, the reasons for individual differences in response and interactive effects of some of the other cannabinoids on the net effect of marijuana are not clear.
Medical marijuana has been approved for a number of psychiatric disorders in many states in the United States including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), agitation in Alzheimer’s disease, and Tourette’s disorder

Side effects:
anyone who consumes excessive amounts of the drug can experience serious, potentially dangerous changes in their mental or physical well-being. On the mental health side, potential consequences of an overdose include psychosis and intense anxiety. Even in moderate amounts that don’t lead to overdose, marijuana can lead to a significantly reduced ability to think clearly, make logical decisions or avoid dangerous situations. In addition, people under the influence of the drug can experience a substantial drop in their normal ability to control and coordinate body movements.

Facts/Stats:

Through strain modification, it is believed that CBD is the chemical property that can create many health benefits, and for a strain of marijuana to be considered legal for health regulation it has to consist of >4% CBD

Most people who overdose on marijuana/cannabis run no risk of dying from the toxic changes in their normal body function.

has fewer side effects than alcohol and tobacco, and many other drugs.

Considerable evidence suggests that students who smoke marijuana have poorer educational outcomes than their nonsmoking peers.

Celebrities:
some influential people that support the legalisation of marijuana include:

Elon Musk

Morgan Freeman -- actor

Bernie Sanders -- Senator from Vermont and former presidential candidate

Dalai Lama -- religious leader

Snoop Dogg -- rapper

Jesse Ventura -- former Governor of Minnesota

Hugh Hefner -- founder and former CEO of Playboy Enterprises

Justin Trudeau -- Prime Minister of Canada

Woody Harrelson -- actor

Seth Rogen -- actor

Perspectives:

medical:
From a medical point of view, the legalisation of marijuana would greatly contribute to the medical field due to the extensive research conducted expressing how medicinal marijuana can have a therapeutic role in a multitude of diseases/disorders, like chronic pain disorders (headaches and migraines), psychiatric disorders (PTSD, Alzheimer's disease and Tourette's disease) and many more.  MDs may be against the legalisation of marijuana due to some of their traditional values and the traditional medication most are used to.

recreational:
from a recreational point of view, people should have the right to choose what they put in their bodies, it also has fewer side effects than alcohol and tobacco, in means of safer use in the recreational environment. (give some stats about the negative impact of alcohol and the lack of data showing long-term fatalities from marijuana. Clarify whether the view is that is it harmless. even wholesome and healthy) More than 140,000 people die from excessive alcohol use in the U.S. each year. compared to marijuana where people run little to no risk of OD or dying from smoking it. National Academies of Medicine issued a report summarizing much of the published literature on the health effects of cannabis, into categories regarded as substantial, moderate, limited and of no or insufficient evidence to support an association with a particular outcome, this demonstrates the lack of evidence regarding long term effects of marijuana.

government:
From a government point of you, legalising marijuana has the potential to generate up to $9 billion in tax revenue over a decade just for New South Wales. the government has the potential to create a safe environment for the distribution and use of marijuana. some barriers for politicians to legalize marijuana in Australia are:

Regulation and Enforcement

Legalization is Unprecedented

Access for Minors

Black Market Remains

inconsistent Federal and State Laws

educational:
from an educational point of view, the legalisation of marijuana has the potential to create the correct understanding of the good and harm that can come from the legalisation of marijuana, instead of leaving adolescents curious which can lead to greater harm down the track without the correct education. in an educational context marijuana use is not promoted, but it is acknowledged, but with the legalisation of marijuana we could do more than just acknowledge it by demonstrating the effects and giving a greater understanding towards the use of cannabis much like they do with alcohol.

My perspective:
YES!! we should legalise it due to the vast research done to show all the health benefits that have been discovered through the consumption of marijuana and it would create a more safe and more acceptable environment for recreational use.

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Abortion - Angus

Introduction:

Abortion is a heavily debated topic that has existed for decades. Many perspectives exist on this topic ranging from being completely against the idea of killing a child at any time within conception, instead viewing life as sacred and not to be taken. Others would say that abortion is a fundamental right that is a benefit to women across the world and taking the rights from women is a step back for humanity

Pro-Life:

One view is that abortion should be illegal, as it is considered to be the taking of a human life. Those who hold this view often argue that a fetus is a person from the moment of conception, and therefore has a right to life that must be protected. They may also argue that abortion is morally wrong, and that it undermines the sanctity of life. The view of pro-life is not centralized and has many stages. Some may not believe in terminating a pregnancy at certain points in the trimester birth while others will completely disregard any thought of killing a child.

Fact: 30% of taxpayer dollars is spent performing abortions in the U.S.

Prominent Pro-Life Figureheads:

Ben Shapiro

Conservative commentator and journalist.

Donald Trump

former president of the united states.

Justin Bieber

pop-star

Steven Crowder

conservative commentator.

Women's Rights and Pro-Abortion:

Many people believe that a woman has the right to make decisions about her own body, including whether to terminate a pregnancy. They argue that a fetus is not a person until it is born as well as that the choice of its life is in the hands of the mother, and that a woman's right to control her own body is important. They may try to say that making abortion illegal would force women to seek unsafe and illegal abortions, putting their health and safety at risk.

Facts:

45% of abortions worldwide are viewed as unsafe!

1 in 4 pregnancies end in abortion every year.

Criminalizing abortion doesn’t make them stop, it makes them more dangerous.

Famous Pro-Abortion Figureheads:

Amy Schumer <- Not Funny

Gloria Steinem

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Hillary Clinton

Nancy Pelosi

Religion:

Religion is often intertwined with the debate about abortion, as many religious traditions have specific teachings about the value of human life and the moral status of the fetus. For example, the Catholic Church teaches that life begins at conception and that abortion is always wrong, while some Protestant denominations may hold less strict views. In many cases, religious beliefs may influence an individual's stance on abortion. Some may argue that the fetus has a soul and that terminating a pregnancy is a sin, while others may view abortion as a matter of personal freedom and individual choice.

However, it is worth noting that not all individuals of the same religion will hold the same views on abortion. Religious traditions are complex and multifaceted, and individuals may interpret teachings in different ways.

Here is a study done to see the percentage of different religions that believe it to be Legal and Illegal:

Legal               Illegal           (%)

Buddhist       82                     17

Catholic        48                     47

Protestant       33                  63

Hindu               68                 29

Jehovah's Witness      18       75

Jewish          83           15

Muslim          55           37

Mormon         27            70

Non - Religious      73       23

*US Study done here: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/views-about-abortion/*

Conclusion:

Regardless of one's religious beliefs, it is important to approach discussions about abortion with sensitivity and respect. It is natural for individuals to feel strongly about their convictions, it is important to remember that others may hold different beliefs, and that mutual understanding and respect are key to constructive dialogue.

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Background info:

Climate change is the phrase used to describe long-term modifications to weather patterns and temperature. The increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which trap heat and warm the earth, are the main contributors to climate change. Both natural and human activities release these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Why it is controversial: people are in disagreement about the cause of climate change , whether it is occurring, how much has occurred, what it’s effects will be, if we should do something and what that something is.

Causes:

Generating power - generating electricity via burning fossil fuels which include  natural gases, oil and coal releases the bulk of global emissions.  These emissions are largely CO2, CO2 amplifies the greenhouse effect which traps heat excess heat in the earths atmosphere.

Manufacturing goods - making goods uses fossil fuels to make steel plastics electronics and other goods, other industries also release emissions such as the agricultural and mining industries

Cutting down forests  - trees absorb and store carbon dioxide so when they cut down to make room for farmland or building, mass carbon is released into the atmosphere also amplifying the greenhouse effect.

Effects:

Hotter temperature - almost all landmasses have seen increased temperature, more heat waves occurring, with 2020 being one the hottest years ever recorded.

Weather - temperature changes in rainfall which in turn cause more severe and frequent storms.  More homes will be lost from floods, landslides and other natural disasters

Loss of animals - with Chang in climate means a change in habitat, a hotter temperature means more frequent forest fires, hotter oceans and more droughts. Some animals will be able to survive, adapt or relocate but some will not.

Some movies which deal with this topic are interstellar and wall-e

Perspectives:

For:

Argument - many scientists and experts agree that climate change is real and is primarily caused by human activity. This viewpoint is supported by a wealth of data and evidence, including rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and sea level rise. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities have been shown to contribute significantly to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which is driving climate change.

Famous people - David Attenborough, Greta thunburg and Leonardo DiCaprio.

Facts and stats:

within 2 decades globs temperatures will likely rise by 1.5 degrees

In late September of 2022 the hole in the ozone layer above the Antarctic

was observed to have an area of 24.5 million kms.  The ozone layer is responsible for shielding the earth from harmful uv rays

Since 1880 sea levels have risen by 21 to 24 cm

15 billion trees are cut down very year

Against:

Argument - some people also believe that climate change is a hoax or a conspiracy theory. They suggest that the evidence supporting climate change has been altered gain people in power. Some believe that climate change is simply a natural occurance that has been exaggerated to create fear and panic.

Famous people - Donald trump and Jeremy Clarkson

Reasoning:

the earth has undergone many climate changes such as ice ages and mass extinctions

Since it’s a natural process most animals will adapt

It has been used to further political ideologies

16% of Australians don’t believe in climate change

Economic view:

Short-term costs: Many actions taken to reduce effects of climate change require a large investment, which may be unattractive to individuals or businesses focused on quick profits.

Lack of incentives: In some cases, there may be a lack of economic incentives to take action. For example, fossil fuel companies may not have an economic incentive to move away from their current business model as it may negatively impact their profit.

Economic dependence: Some economies are heavily dependent on industries that contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, such as fossil fuels. For example, a country that relies heavily on oil exports may not want to move to a low-carbon economy if it could negatively impact their economy.

Political view:

Short-term thinking: Climate change is a long-term problem that requires immediate action to reduce its impact. Many politicians are focused on short-term gains and may be reluctant to take action that could impact their chances of re-election.

Global cooperation: solving climate change requires international cooperation, which can be hard due to clashing political views between countries. Some governments may not want to take action if it is against their national interests.

Lack of awareness or understanding: Some politicians may not fully understand the science behind climate change, or they may not be aware of the severity of the problem. This can make it difficult to build political will for action.

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Issue:

Domestic violence is defined as aggressive behaviour between current or previous intimate partners. It frequently occurs when one partner attempts to control the other through intimidation, either physically, sexually, emotionally, socially, verbally, spiritually, or financially. An average of 24 people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States. This works out to be more than 12 million women and men over the course of a single year.

Perspectives:

The most obvious side to this topic is the perspective seeing that this is inappropriate behaviour and should therefore be tolerated more seriously. The population who are for this statement are normally younger adults (particularly women) who are educated on their own personal rights or people who have even suffered or are suffering.

The small minority who believe otherwise however, think that this injustice is just all part of the relationship. These people who believe this statement are normally from older generations as this was how it was done in their time.

What is being done?:

A wide variety of strategies have been recently employed to tackle domestic violence in Australia. These include primary prevention programs, integrated intervention programs, mass-screening programs, programs for violence perpetrators, programs for women who have been subject to domestic violence and legislative approaches.

For example, Western Australia has a strategy to reduce family and domestic violence that includes growing primary prevention and reforming systems to prioritise safety, accountability and collaboration. The National Plan to reduce violence against mainly women and their children. There are 2 laws which have therefore been set in place:

In 1975, the Family law act was put in place which focuses on the rights of children and mothers. This law also assists families when facing court because of domestic abuse and making it easier to divorce or even open up and speak out. This stopped domestic violence almost instantly, however, obviously it hasn’t stopped forever as families are still suffering to this day.

The Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act of 2012 is a law that seeks to minimise interruption to the lives of those who fear or suffer domestic and family abuse while also maximising their safety, protection, and wellness. Also included in the act's objectives are the prevention or reduction of domestic violence, the exposure of children to domestic violence, and the need to hold those responsible for domestic violence accountable.

Facts and statistics:

Nearly 3 in 10 women (29%) and 1 in 10 men (10%) in the US have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by a partner and reported it having a related impact on their functioning.

Just under 15% of women (14.8%) and 4% of men in the US have been injured as a result of intimate partner violence that included rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner.

The presence of a gun in a domestic violence situation increases the risk of homicide by 500%.

Intimate partner violence accounts for 15% of all violent crime.

19% of domestic violence involves a weapon.

On average, nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by an intimate partner in the United States. During one year, this equates to more than 10 million women and men.

1 in 4 women and 1 in 7 men will experience severe physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime.

Women between the ages of 18-24 are most commonly abused by an intimate partner.

Other voices:

Pop singer Rihanna has experienced domestic violence. Reports that Chris Brown had assaulted Rihanna, his girlfriend, arose in February 2009. She was not only humiliated in front of everyone, but she also came under more criticism from the media, with some going so far as to blame her for the violence. In an interview with Vanity Fair, Rihanna spoke openly about the event and claimed that the media attention surrounding her assault by her ex-boyfriend Chris Brown seemed like "punishment over and over" to her.

Pamela Anderson has opened up about the domestic violence she has endured. In her memoir "Love, Pamela," Canadian author Pamela Anderson described the different sorts of violence she saw and suffered as a child while growing up on Vancouver Island. She claimed that her alcoholic father Barry Anderson physically and verbally abused her mother Carol Anderson in her writings. The abuse Pamela experienced over the course of her life is examined in the memoir. Variety said in an interview that Pamela was exposed to domestic violence at a young age, without specifying how, and that this "moulded Anderson's choice in partners and taught her how to deal with it.”

Personal view:

Personally, I believe that domestic abuse should not be accepted in our society. For one, I haven’t experienced the things these brave people have fought, however I can only imagine the horror it could bring and the effect on someones life. If I am to try to look from the other argument’s perspective, I can understand that discipline must be put in place in family households, although there is a very fine line between what is right and what is too far. I believe people should have the right to speak out and feel safe. The whole world has come so far in terms of gender equality if we date back to even the early 1800s, so the future for domestic violence can only get better from here.

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The Controversy of Mining: the Economy Vs the Environment

Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials from the Earth and other astronomical objects. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory.

Mining plays an integral part of Australia's economy, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and employment. However, mining activities can have negative impacts on the environment, including land degradation, water pollution, and air pollution.

Sustainable mining practices must be:
- safe
- economically beneficial
- good for the community
- resource efficient
- environmentally sustainable
Ideally all of this areas would be improved upon to create a sustainable mining industry, but it isnt always easy.

Government Policies:

- There a loads of different bits of paper work that have to be done before a mine can actually be built, it is quite a long process and the government does have the opportunity to decline propositions
- Mines are responsible for the rehabilitation of their areas once the mines have closed, failure to do so can result in extreme fines

Perspectives:

Environmental:

- can be detrimental to the environment
- there are other options for creating electricity, and now there are alternatives instead of using fuel in transportation.
- that if we don't start fighting climate change we will not have a thriving economy or world as it will be severely damaged.
- that we should protect the environment at all costs
(it turns out it is really hard to find figures and numbers of the impact of mining, either because it is hard to tell wether it is mining alone, or because companies have not released information like this)

Economical:

After exceeding $300 billion in export revenue for the first time in 2020-21, it is impossible to say that mining isn't a massive part of the Australian economy.
- Over 260,000 people are currently working in the mining industry, earning an average wage of $112,000, this equates to $21.6 billion, after tax, that is able to circulate and stimulate the economy.
- Australia exports 52% of the worlds Lithium, lithium's demand is constantly increasing as it is very import in EV batteries, thus leaving lots of potential profit for Australia in lithium mining.
- Mining is also the largest contributor to Australia's GDP, therefore as mining increases so does our Economic Growth
- Mining has a 35%-40% profit margin

Government:

-The government is benefitting from the mines and will not stop future mines from opening, the make massive tax revenue from workers and some mining companies, it allows their country to compete better in global markets and greatly impacts the economy. They do face some issues towards Geo-political tensions as Australia is not on trend to achieving carbon neutral goals, this is mostly effecting the coal mining industry.
- $7.6 billion from tax of 2.1% of the Australian population.
- The mining industry has disclosed donations of $49.9 million to federal political parties over the last decade. Of donations to major parties, 81% went to the Coalition, often in years donors paid no company tax (28% of Revenue) and lobbied for approvals and particular policy reforms.
- The government is benefitting from the mines and will not stop future mines from opening

Companies:

- Mining companies are making insane profits and will do everything they can to continue this.
- Mining has a 35%-40% profit margin
- its guaranteed to have bulk buyers

Public (in the middle):

- Generally speaking, Australians were not strongly of the view that the economic benefits of mining are distributed fairly.
- Respondents tended to agree that mining communities received a fair share of the benefits of mining, especially in comparison with perceived personal benefits associated with mining.
- Patterns indicated that participants believed that the mining industry listened to and respected community opinions more than state and federal governments. And secondly, those in metropolitan regions perceived they were more heard and respected by industry and governments than those in mining and non-mining regions. This pattern was consistent with the 2014 results.

- Supplying 6 figure salaries to over 260,000  Australian workers.

- 59.5% agree it has positive effects on regional communities
- 75% agree it contribute significantly to the economy
- 55% agree mining is necessary for australia

My perspective:

As an ATAR economics student I can clearly understand why it is important, but as a young Australian I am weary of its long term effects. I do believe that we will always rely on mining as a source of important materials (or until we can create them), but i also believe that removing coal mining and changing to far more renewable energy sources could create massive positive outcomes for our steps towards carbon neutral and saving the environment.

Movies:

There are many movies about the mining industry around the world, most of which show the corruption in first world countries; Blood Diamond, There Will Be Blood, but these don't really relate to our mining industry and are not about the environmental impact.

Extra Facts:

- Mining contributes to 14.6% of Australias GDP (Gross Domestic Profit)
- 4 of Australias top 5 exports are from mining
- Geo-political tensions with China are creating concerns for Australias exporting industry
- Mining takes up 7.7 million (sq. km) in Australia

Mining is a very controversial topic, this is because it can be extremely damaging to the environment and isn't always sustainable, but on the other hand, the world cannot function without the mining of raw materials. the raw materials are used to provide infrastructure, electronics, electricity, fuel and many other everyday items. Australia is undoubtably in a challenging situation, scientists have proven climate change is real and happening, and that coal mining in particular has been very damaging, but at the same time we cannot simply shut the mines down, as our economy and many other countries rely on our mining exports.

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Religon

The belief in and worship of a superhuman power or powers, especially a God or gods

Aetheism

It is simply a rejection of the assertion that there are gods. Atheism is too often defined incorrectly as a belief system. To be clear: Atheism is not a disbelief in gods or a denial of gods; it is a lack of belief in gods.

Global Beliefs

84% of people lend themselves to a religion

4,000 recognised religions

Top 3 are Christianity, Islam, Aethiesm

Global Stances

The highest overall levels of restrictions are found in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran, where both the government and society at large impose numerous limits on religious beliefs and practices. These restrictions either ban religion utterly or concentrate on one religion. More democratic society’s, give people freedom of religon, allowing all to express there any religon. Australia currently lends itself towards a democratic viewpoint, with a diverse range of over 120 faiths.

Cons of Religon

Religon can generally cause a conflict of belief with others, many people who strongly believe can go to extreme measures such as terrorism to pressure others who do not align with there beliefs. Beliefs can make a false sense of reality, better afterlife inducing suicide or the greater power “telling” you to do things that are against the law. Can cause discrimination between minorities, such as women and lgbtq

Pros of Religon

Religon can hold some very established values, that are compilable in society. They can allow people to find motive and direction through faith. Support within the systems provided by the Religon, such as counselling etc.

Perspectives

Economic: Many firms find it hard to target all groups of religions, as they will have to alter there marketing strategies and products in order to achieve higher sales. In an economy such as Pakistan, where Islam is the primary Religon, companies are able to easily cater for the whole population based on Religion, making less religions favourable from an economic stance

Political: in terms of ethics, freedom of religion should be endorsed as people then are able to express themselves how they please. In many places churches play beneficial roles in their countries by strengthening social bonds and helping the poor, by providing funds, food, shelter and support, leading some countries to fund religious states heavily. Many say religious institutions are overly focused on money and power, excessively focused on rules and too involved with politics. Indeed, majorities in most countries surveyed prefer that religion be kept separate from government policies and say religious leaders should have little or no influence in political matters.

Key people

Stephen Hawking: Hawking wrote "there is no God." But it's not the first time the scientist, who died in March, has shared his belief on the subject, through his life long scientific study, he has extensive reasoning on his stance.

Vladimir Putin : “Why did Christ come into the world? To liberate people from sickness, troubles, from death. In its essence, Christmas is a holiday of hope.”

Historical events of Religon

9/11 attacks on the twin towers, New York, involved conflicts of the American Military Supporting the Jewish Israel state against the Islamic Palestine.

Afghanistan war started as a result of the Islam Terrorist organisations attacks on the non Islam world, with the British and American military’s invading

The holocaust, a result of christian faith, Adolf hitler having an outward hate to the Jewish population.

Sri Lanka bombing on Easter, an outward attack of Muslim terrorists on the Christian faith

Many more

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What is the Issue:

Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is violence committed by someone in the victim's domestic circle. This includes partners and ex-partners, immediate family members, other relatives and family friends. The term 'domestic violence' is used when there is a close relationship between the offender and the victim. Overall, 1 in 5 women and 1 in 20 men have experienced sexual violence. On average, one woman every nine days and one man every month is killed by a current or former partner.

Perspectives

People who believe that domestic violence is an unacceptable violation of another person and their rights.

People who believe that domestic violence is a natural part of marriage and relationships and not a problem in our society.

Australian Law Makers Stance

The main legislation that deals with domestic violence in Australia is the Family Law Act 1975 and the Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012. These laws provide a framework for addressing domestic violence and protecting victims of domestic violence.

Under the Family Law Act 1975, the court can make orders to protect people from family violence. These orders can include restraining orders, which prohibit a person from doing certain things, such as approaching the victim or contacting them. The court can also make orders for the care and protection of children, and orders for the division of property.

Under the Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012, the police can issue a domestic violence order (DVO) to protect victims of domestic violence. DVOs can include conditions such as prohibiting the perpetrator from approaching the victim or contacting them. Breaching a DVO is a criminal offence.

Notable Statistics

On average, one woman a week is murdered by her current or former partner.

Intimate partner violence is the greatest health risk factor for women aged 25-44.

An estimated 1 in 6 women (1.6 million) aged 18 years and over have experienced violence by a partner since the age of 15.

Young women (18 to 24 years) experience significantly higher rates of physical and sexual violence than women in older age groups.

Approximately 1 in 4 women (23% or 2.2 million) have experienced violence by an intimate partner since the age of 15.

Domestic or family violence against women is the single largest driver of homelessness for women, a common factor in child protection notifications, and results in a police call-out on average once every two minutes across the country.

Celebrity Input

Domestic violence is a complex issue that affects millions of people worldwide, and there are different viewpoints and perspectives on this issue. Lana Del Rey, Ike Turner, and Rihanna are all musicians who have been involved in domestic violence controversies, and their experiences offer different insights into the issue.

1. Lana Del Rey: Lana Del Rey is a singer-songwriter who has been criticised for romanticising abusive relationships in her music. Some of her songs, such as "Ultraviolence" and "Sad Girl," have been accused of glorifying domestic violence and perpetuating harmful stereotypes about women as passive victims, with lyrics such as “He hit me and it felt like a kiss” and “Cause you’re just a man, it’s just what you” portraying the ‘boys will be boys’ narrative that is so often used to excuse abusive or violent behaviour from men. Del Rey has defended her work, stating that she is writing about her own experiences and that her songs are not intended to be taken literally. However, many critics argue that Del Rey's music reinforces damaging ideas about abuse and relationships, and that she should be more responsible with her platform.

2. Ike Turner: Ike Turner was a musician and producer who was known for his abusive behaviour towards his ex-wife, Tina Turner. Ike physically and emotionally abused Tina for years, and their relationship became a symbol of the dangers of domestic violence. On the subject of his abuse Ike Turner stated, "Yeah, I hit her, but I didn't hit her more than an average guy beats his wife. The truth is, our life was no different from the guy next door’s."

While some people sympathise with Ike and argue that he was a victim of his own traumas and addictions, most recognise that his behaviour was unacceptable and that he caused significant, lasting harm to Tina Turner.

3. Rihanna: Rihanna is a singer who was assaulted by her then-boyfriend, Chris Brown, in 2009. The incident made headlines around the world and sparked conversations about domestic violence and its impact on young people. Vanity Fair asked Rihanna if she thought she would always be a 'poster child' for victims of domestic abuse. To this question, Rihanna replied, "It's in the past, and I don't want to 'get over it,' because it's a very serious thing that is still relevant; it's still real. A lot of women, a lot of young girls, are still going through it. A lot of young boys, too. It's not a subject to sweep under the rug, so I can't just dismiss it like it wasn't anything."

Rihanna's response to the assault has been both criticised and praised. Some argue that she should have left Brown immediately and set a stronger example for survivors, while others point out that leaving an abusive relationship is often difficult and complicated. Rihanna has since become an advocate for survivors of domestic violence and has spoken openly about her own experiences.

Overall, these three examples show the complexity of domestic violence and the different perspectives that can arise from it. While some may be sympathetic towards abusers or dismissive of survivors, it is important to remember that domestic violence is a serious issue that affects millions of people every day. We must listen to survivors, hold abusers accountable, and work towards creating a society where violence is not tolerated or excused.

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Refugee: A person who has been forced to flee their country due to violence, war or persecution. Refugees have applied and been accepted for protection in the country of refuge, therefore they are protected by international law and have the refugee status.

Asylum: The protection granted to a person by a state that they have moved to.

Asylum seeker: Similar to a refugee, an asylum seeker is a person who seeks international protection, but who’s claim for asylum has not yet been accepted.

Migrant: A person who has moved country for their own benefit, looking for better opportunities. They have not been forced to leave and so are not considered refugees or asylum seekers.

Immigration Detention in Australia

There are thousands of asylum seekers being held in immigration detention around Australia. Despite whether they come with or without a visa, Australia is required to protect the human rights of asylum seekers and refugees. Refugees, under protocol, are not allowed to be returned back to a place where their freedom is at risk, nor people who are at risk of violations of human rights. Until given a visa or removed, Asylum seekers who arrive to Australia, under the Migration Act 1958, are obliged to be held in immigration detention. The average time in immigration detention is found to be 770 days. There is no limit to how long one may be detained.

Off Shore Detention is the detention of people who arrive to Australia by boat seeking asylum. These people are transferred and held in centres in another country while their claim for asylum is processed. This offshore processing was first established in 2001, on Nauru and Manus Island, to give the message that the arrival of illegal boats were not welcomed in Australia. Only Nauru continues as an off-shore processing centre, with 61 asylum seekers and refugees remaining, all in need of immediate evacuation. Off shore detention has put thousands of asylum seekers in unfathomable suffering, with high cruelty and abuse leading to several suicides, 14 deaths in total, and life long trauma.

Perspectives:

Humanistic: Some people with a humanistic view may be against off shore detention. They believe in human rights and the protection of them, having empathy for asylum seekers and refugees. The humanistic perspective is in favour of taking them in, regardless of why they arrived to the new country. They believe that asylum seekers and refugees have the right to live somewhere safe.

Nationalistic: Others with a nationalistic view may be in favour of off shore detention. These people pay attention to the increase in labour supply and the changing availability for health care and education. The nationalistic perspective is focused on the people already within the nation, as a whole. They are also concerned about the economy and losing the nations identity.

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What is the debate?

The rights around abortion is an ongoing controversy that is constantly evolving based on the views and opinions of people in many different fields such as medical, political and religious beliefs. In 2022, the issue was raised in anger after the United States Supreme Court made the decision to overturn Roe v Wade, a law legalising abortions in all states. While many people were overjoyed with the idea of abortion now becoming criminalised in many states, the majority was now, creating an angry ripple across the world that was fuelled by social media. The long lasting debate of Pro-Life vs Pro-Choice is very complex and has many influential factors as well as specific case studies and a lack of agreement between the two parties.

Perspectives

Pro-Life:
This is the opinion that abortion should not be legal or should only be allowed in very specific situations. A person who believes this may have this point of view due to their religion or the belief that it is ‘murder’ and the act of removing a foetus is ‘killing a child’ and is therefore a criminal offence. When asked what what would happen to an unwanted child that is born, their response is simply adoption, even though the foster system is already corrupt and overflowing.

Pro-Choice:

On the other hand, the majority of people (mostly women), believe that abortion should not be a criminal offence and that a women should be given the choice to decide whether to carry a child to full term or not. This side states that no person should be forced into giving birth as it is a life long commitment in which many people lack the resources to give the child a safe and happy life as well as provide the mother with support after the trauma of giving birth.

Medical:

The medical perspective of the abortion debate comes down to it being basic healthcare. There are many reasons a woman may seek an abortion and which can be simply due to medical issues. For example, a pregnant woman who has suffered a miscarriage may need certain medication in order to be completely safe from infection etc. This is also the case with conditions such as ectopic pregnancy in which a woman may need to receive an abortion or else she will die. This perspective demonstrates how access to abortion is a necessity and many women will certainly suffer greatly if they can not receive one. Medical abortions are also the safest way to terminate a pregnancy, just because they are outlawed, does not mean they will stop.

Political:

It has recently come to light that the truth behind the overturning of Roe v Wade is the political agenda that results in the controlling of women and their bodies rather than ‘saving children’. This has come from an old fashioned and very faith based perspective in the political field which people have recognised and based their own personal view on the situation. The second a girl is born into a system with no easy access to abortion, she immediately loses all rights she had in the womb. This ties into other problems particularly in the USA such as gun control- the government clearly doesn’t care about its countries children so these laws have obviously been made to harm women and control them. Another argument against banning abortion is for cases of sexual assault. Many find it incredibly cruel to force someone who has already experienced a horrific trauma to be forced to bring a living reminder of it into the world. These examples are constantly being brought up by Pro-Choice politicians when debating the topic in political situations, saying it is a basic human right that everyone should receive the treatment they need.

Celebrity input

Many celebrities spoke up after the overturning of Roe v Wade, expressing their opinions on the issue.

Lizzo shared a pro-abortion protest sign with a twist on her iconic "About Damn Time" lyrics, and she captioned the photo with this message: "The most important thing is action & loud voices. @plannedparenthood @abortionfunds and organizations like them — will need funding to continue offering services to people who are most harmed by this ban. Black women and women of color have historically had disproportionately less access to family planning resources — this is a great loss but not a new one.” Then, she pledged to donate $500,000 from her upcoming tour — with Live Nation matching her donation — to organizations leading the way in abortion rights.

In the middle of her performance, Olivia Rodrigo took a moment to defend people's right to choose, saying, "I couldn't pass up the opportunity to talk about how heartbroken I am over the Supreme Court's potential decision to overturn Roe v. Wade. ... I hope we can raise our voices to protect our right to have a safe abortion, which is a right that so many people before us have worked so hard to get.”

Phoebe Bridgers opened up about her abortion and the ease with which she was privileged enough to obtain it. "Everyone deserves that kind of access," she said, before sharing a list of places to donate.

Facts and Statistics

25 million unsafe abortions occur each year

People will have abortions regardless of the law

There are on average 73 million abortions a year —> proves its necessary

Countries current regulations

Australia - all abortions legal and easy to access

USA- certain states have total bans, different laws in different states due to overturning of Roe v Wade

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Climate change- refers to the long-term shifts in the weather and temperature patterns

Carbon footprint- a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation or community

Global Emissions- an emission of something such as gas or radiation that is released into the atmosphere

Global warming- the long-term warming of the planets overall temperature

Controversy:
- concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what it's effects will be, whether any action can or should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be

Pro:
- these people believe that the world's temperature and climate around the world is changing
- they see that it is caused by the generation of electricity by burning fossil fuels that are creating large chunks of global emissions
- this then causes carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide to be released in the earth's environment creating a blanket which makes the sun light stay in Earth, which is causing the globe to shift in weather
- carbon dioxide levels has rose by 120 parts per million within the last 70 years, which shows that this could be causing the climate change
- temperature has increased by 0.08 degrees every decade since 1880, and since 1981 it has increased to 0.18 degrees per decade
- 2022 surface temperature is higher than the 20th century average by 0.86 degrees
- since 1976, ocean and land surface temperature levels have only increased
- Leonardo DiCaprio, Greta Thunberg, Mark Ruffalo and Prince Harry are some of the people that believe that climate change is occurring and they have all spoken out to the general public and addressed their issues that they have with it
- WALL.E, 2040 and before the flood are different movies that address climate change

Against:
- there has been events in the past (like ice age etc) that has occurred, and this is no different to what has happened in the past
- plants and animals are bale to adapt to the changes in the climate over periods of time
- there would be massive economic cuts if we are to switch to reusable factors
- some people realise that climate change is occurring but think it is to late to do something now
- 41% of European's and 46% of Americans believe that climate change isn't reversable and cant return to normal factors
- 64% of people believe that climate change won't be an issue in their lifetime so they are not worrying about it
- Donald Trump, Jeremy Clarkson, Victoria Jackson and Joaquin Phoenix believe that manmade climate change doesn't exist or that climate change isn't real at all

Business Perspective:
- these are the people in cooperations and the ones that have made a business that they profit off
- there is a mix of opinions within this area of business, as there are people who will benefit in the profits of the change (sustainable energy production companies) as well as businesses that could fall from these changes (mining sector, oil mines, energy factories)
- this causes us to see that businesses have different opinions on which way they should go, as they effect the amount of income that they will get within the future

Economic Perspective:
- Economically many countries and the world would decrease the amount of money within their economy, as this is the case due to the high revenue that all these companies make and we would lose tones of money within the economy
- many perspectives are against the change in how we get energy as they will decrease the country's economic status causing them to be less competitive in the global economy and on top of this it is costly to change from burning fossil fuels to renewable
- some economies are for this as they have advancements in renewable forms of energy production, so it won't be as costly for them, and this will create more jobs

Political Perspective:
- once again there are for and against the promotion on sustainable energy creation as the political ideas are based upon what will effect the country
- Saudi Arabia for example are against the change to sustainable energy, as the majority of their money and where they are today is due to burning fossil fuels for energy
- France, would be for as they are the leading country in terms of amount of sustainable energy, causing the cost to be less to switch

Scientific Perspective:
- the majority of scientists (97%) believe that climate change is occurring in the world
- this perspective has come to be due to all the evidence that they have compiled over the time shown the change in climates in the world

Personal Perspective:
- I believe that climate change is occurring in the globe and that we are able to stop or even slow this from occurring
- this perspective has come due to the evidence that has been presented showing that it is occurring in the globe, and we currently have sustainable options that we need to imply to be able to better the worlds health, however it wont be cheap

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why is technology controversial?
Since the industrial revolution within in 18th century, technology has been advancing rapidly and becoming such a large part of our lives. At the start of 2023 it was reported that 5.16 billion people use technology, within that, 95% of teens aged 12-17 are online. Due to the dependence, we have formed with technology some may argue that it is the future and hope for our world and others, it is considered to be humanities biggest threat. A technophile perspective would argue that Technology has brought about many good things for the people as it has increased communication, efficiency, and immense progressions and the spread of awareness in the medical field, in particular mental health. However, a luddite believes that technology has been a major cause of inequality, is to root cause to these mental health issues and destroying people’s sense of connection with others, the basis of what makes us human. There are two other minority perspectives that of which technology is very positive in an educatory and business sense, however, should not have such a major influence on society. These perspectives are therefore a blend between the two majorly controversial sides, the technophile and the luddite.

TECHNOPHILE
rights:
· Social media platforms create refuge for marginalised groups to come together as a community with freedom of expression and suppression.

mental health:
· Raises awareness and allows for new innovative solutions to combat the issue.

· Have majorly progressed from the 1800s with raising awareness and new technologies have allowed for medical advancements so further research can be carried out

· Lifeline is Australias leading suicide prevention service in which anyone from anywhere can call to receive the support they require at times of crisis – each year 1 million Australians reach out to lifeline for support with the line receiving calls every 30 seconds: this easy access would not be possible without the use of technology and awareness for mental health

Communication:

·  Has brought about a revolutionary transformation in the way we communicate with one another making it easy to connect with someone in less than a minute via connecting through a virtual space

·  In the 1850s it took days weeks or even months for a telegraph to be sent from one location to a far flung position nowadays text messages can be sent and received within 5 seconds from anywhere in the world

Key person/s

Bill gates

·  Cofounded Microsoft corporation in 1975 and led the company to become the worldwide leader in business and personal software and an avid supporter for the growth of technology

· Changed the world by creating an easy operating system so that everyone could use a computer

· Net worth = 109.3 billion USD

· “were changing the world with technology”

· “I believe innovation is the most powerful force for change in the world”

books/media

- The Age of A.I. age of AI: By Henry Kissinger, Eric Schmidt, and Daniel Huttenlocher --->  explores artificial intelligence and its effects on progressing society

LUDDITE
Rights:

· Social media can facilitate hate speech, cyber bullying, child sexual exploitation, radicalisation of certain groups.

· Can be used for terrorist propaganda, coordination, and recruitment.

Inequality:

· Developing nations do not have the same access to technologies so the countries that need it the most are left unprogressive – displays the major split between 3rd and 1st world countries.

Mental health:

· Major cause of mental health issues in 12–17-year-olds

· Can cause isolation: technologies such as social media are designed to bring people together however can have the adverse effect: According to 2017 research of young adults between the ages of 19 and 32, those who used social media more frequently reported feeling socially alienated more than three times as often as those who used it less frequently.

·  1/5 children aged 13-18 have or will have a serious mental illness before they reach adulthood.

·  Between 2017-2021: proportion of 6–16-year-olds with mental health conditions increases from 1/9 to 1/6
---> between this time the iPhone x has been released, air pod pros and a talking hearing aid = lots of advancement showing the correlation between technology and mental health

Communication:

· can create a false sense of connection with someone

· Has negative affected childrens deveoloping social sills, relationships with others and ability to focus and listen. Can lead to more children being socially awkward, withdrawn, shy or intimidated by social situations

·  Dr Nicole beurkins – child psychologist: studies have found that children's social development is adversely associated with screen time. this decreases their compliance to instruction, engagement with others  and increased levels of disturbing behaviours such as being bossy or bullying

·  another study conducted done with older children showed that spending a week at summer camp without screen time led to significant improvement in children's ability to read and understand non verbal cues

key people/s:
Chellis glendinning:
- a new Mexican based psychologist who believed that dependence on technology is a terrible idea and one that threatens not just our personal health and the well-being of our families and communities but also the natural world that we inhabit

- She has made this case in a series of hard-hitting books that includes My Name is Chellis,  I'm in Recovery from Western Civilization, Chiva, the Pulitzer Prize-nominated When Technology Wounds: The Human Consequences of Progress.

BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE
·  Increases the efficiency of systems, products, and services.

·  Reduces costs and enables businesses to grow rapidly.

· Increases security whilst also giving businesses completive advantages by keeping their mission statements private so copyright does not occur
However:

· Can facilitate fraud.

·  Personal lives outside of work can be leaked ---> causing people to lose their jobs.

- Should be strictly kept in a business ordeal

EDUCATION PERSPECTIVE
·  Makes it easier to find information quickly and accurately.

·  Instead of personal tutors ---> students can get one on one help through virtual videos and talks.

·   Effective use of technology can increase student engagement, help teachers improve their lesson plans and facilitate personal learning.

However:

·  Can facilitate cyberbullying, distraction in class and mental health issues in kids which will stray them from education.

- Should be used with caution and only in a classroom setting

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Censorship : the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.

Social media : websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking.

censorship over social media is controversial as there are multiple perspectives on the topic. Some people believe that social media shouldn’t be censored at all where people have the right to free speech and to post and talk about whatever they want to. The other extreme side of this topic is that everything someone posts and looks at is censored and restricted, this extreme would limit hate speech but it also limits the self expression and individual interests.

The issue of internet restrictions has been a point of contention for many years. Many organisations argue that everyone should be able to upload any type of content they choose on the internet. Others strongly believe that the graphic and damaging nature of the internet cannot be allowed to remain unchallenged.

The argument over whether or not censorship should be implemented by governments has become more serious. Large amounts of uncontrollable information have an active or negative impact on the development of culture, entertainment, as well as other aspects of society. In theory, adequate censoring is beneficial for things like societal safety, teen education, and the growth of artistic expression. Nonetheless, there can be problems if governments censor speech excessively. The spread of information contributes to social stability; but, citizens cannot enjoy their freedom if information is restricted.

perspectives
there are 2 main perspectives on the debate surrounding the censorship of social media and the internet, people either have the perspective that there should be more restrictions on what can be put on the internet and that censorship is a positive influence on society. the other perspective is that censorship is harmful on society as it reduces and restricts peoples freedoms of expression and speech.

Globally, 27% of all internet users live in countries where people have been arrested for publishing, sharing, or merely “liking” content on Facebook. Authorities in 38 countries made arrests based on social media posts over the past year. That's compared to 21 countries where people were arrested for content published on news sites or blogs.

But it's not just the social networking sites where some users can be at risk; internet messaging systems are also being targeted. WhatsApp faced the most restrictions, with 12 out of 65 countries blocking the entire service or disabling certain features, affecting millions of its one billion users worldwide, during the period of the study (June 2015 and May 2016).

How is social media and the internet censored?

At Home: Home censorship typically comes in the form of parental controls, in which parents use blacklists and keyword blocking to keep their kids safe online. Blacklists are lists of websites that are filtered out; these databases are constantly being updated for the latest inappropriate web content. Keyword blocking, on the other hand, hides pages with certain keywords from view, controlling what kids see online. Parents can also use firewalls to hide content, which can be in the form of hardware or software. this is on a family level where there can be discussion involved and explanations to why these controls are put in place.

At Work:43 percent of workers who exaggerate their actual time working, while using the internet at their place of work. That’s why businesses often take it upon themselves to censor the internet, not only to block inappropriate content but also to increase productivity. Many businesses use firewalls to block either particular web pages or entire domains.

Internet Service Providers: Finally, censorship can also occur at the ground level, the Internet Service Providers themselves, otherwise known as ISPs. Theoretically, ISPs can block certain websites from view. However, net neutrality would mandate that ISPs can’t favour any particular company or website in the U.S. Without net neutrality, ISPs could charge a fee for usage of bandwidth, meaning that those websites will load faster. However, some people argue that this is a form of censorship, where they are influencing what people view on the internet.

Pros of Internet censorship

It’s important to keep in mind that Internet censorship has its advantages when used with the best of intentions.

Create common-sense limits.

there’s a lot of content on the Internet that no one should ever see, and the concept of Internet censorship can start a constructive conversation about it.

Stop fake news.

If more content was closely monitored, it could cut down on the mass amounts of fraudulent information including false advertising.

Curb access to harmful activities.

The dark web is uncharted territory to the majority of Internet users, but there are sites that are shockingly easy to find that are dedicated to illegal acts like sex trafficking, child pornography, illicit drugs, and more.

Less identity theft.

If there is less content on the Internet that requires identity information, in theory, there would be less identity theft.

Cons of Internet censorship

There are some big disadvantages to Internet censorship that affect the way people access information.

It restricts too much information.

It’s entirely possible that real information is blocked along with fake information, which opens up a large debate about what you should and shouldn’t restrict/access.

Who’s in charge? How are rules defined? Are there checks and balances?

Internet censorship could quickly turn into a matter of opinion on what is acceptable and what isn’t.

Censors free speech.

Internet censorship not only limits the content you can access but potentially the content you post as well.

Cost.

This kind of goes without saying but the workforce required, and associated cost, to control and survey Internet users would be astronomical - most likely coming at the expense of taxpayers.

social media is a form of internet consumption where people will post and view what they want, therefore the issues of social media are reflective of the issues of the internet.

Examples of media

There are many books that have been written around the central idea of censorship and many fictional works will in some way have an indication to what could and couldn’t not be posted on the internet and on social media.

Own perspective

While people shouldn’t be restricted from both the internet and social media it is important that what is being put up and viewed isn’t harmful to children and adults alike. People should be able to use this technology to further their knowledge or enhance their lives. If restricting what can be posted is required then it should be used in order to keep people safe.

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What is it?
The land rights movement relates to a long, historical struggle, for the return of ancestral lands, to the traditional custodians.
In December of 1976, the federal parliament made the first legislation in Australia, that enabled the First Nations people to claim land rights for the country, and ownership can be proven. The main objective of the movement is to recognise the spiritual importance of the land, as well as the vital connection that is shared between people, that was taken away from them.

Statistics-
In 2016 there were 29,289 outstanding land claims, of which 197 were more than 16 years old, 520 were more than 11 years old and about 15,000 were more than six years old. This issue has caused many disagreements, as the long term effects of the issue ave become detrimental in many ways.

Native title act-
The Native Title Act was originally handed down so that Aboriginal people could negotiate and mediate to resolve recognition of Aboriginal peoples' ongoing connection with their land. However, overtime the issue has been more accurately resolved in court, as the negations can lead to further disagreement. The Act has caused division within Aboriginal communities because it's often misunderstood and mostly fails to include the Aboriginal perspective.

Perspective from Indigenous point of view-
The loss of control over the land, makes many people believe that the incorporation of their law would result in a loss of control over it, like the lack of control and participation they feel they have now. The fear can be justified, but cannot deny the ways In which the Aboriginal customary law can be ‘recognized.' Some people believe that the sacred and spiritual element of the land is to be kept to their people, and is a secret not to be shared with the wider population.

Wider community perspective-
The "Always was, Always will be" notion, is a clear declaration that the First Nations people are still here, on the land and they always will be apart of the nation. The movement was first expressed by William Bates in the 1980's, as a phrase that recognises the fight that indigenous people faced in order to gain recognition of the land. The meaning behind the phrase highlights that the Aboriginal Australian people were the first on the continent, and have been caring and occupying the land for more then 65,000 years, utilising the vital resources that is provides such as safety, security and spiritual significance.

Influential person/ significant voice-
Eddie Mabo-
Born in 1936, Mabo started life like many other indigenous children, deprived of a meaningful education, denied access to white-only busses, and even toilets. Eddie Mabo was influential in the beginning action in Australia to legally confirm their traditional Native Title rights. He also contributed to the wider community in another vital way, by becoming an activist for the Black Rights movement, and allowing children the right to an education, by creating schools in the local area.

Archie Roach-
Archie was a significant part of the telling of Aboriginal history, as he expressed some of the darkest times in history through singing/song writing. He was a Gunditjmara and Bundjalung elder, who passed down his stories for generations. After his experience being in the Stolen Generation, he felt it was a vital part of his personal history that needed to be shared with the wider community.

My personal perspective-
After completing the research, I can see the movement from both perspectives. From one side, the community wants to come together and celebrate the traditional owners, whilst they feel that sharing with the wider population will lead to a decrease in the little power that they already have.

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Nuclear Warfare

Is the result of a country’s possession of weaponry that has an inbuilt atomic sequence, of fusion or fission, that in turn creates a nuclear explosion. It can be used in wars between nations as tensions rise and governments begin to feel threatened.

NPT Treaty

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. This is an international act and agreement that attempts to sustain peace in the face of a nuclear threat, where the main objective is to keep the amount of countries that hold nuclear weapons to a minimum.

History

In the past, nuclear warfare has been seen twice devastating both areas; during World War 2, the United States dropped two atomic bombs (‘Fat Man’ and ‘Little Boy’) in Japan, one in Nagasaki and the other in Hiroshima, this was in 1945. Since then there has been no other atomic war activity, though the threat still looms.

Over the years, more countries have hopped on the bandwagon of including atomic weapons within their armoury including: Russia, North Korea, United Kingdom and China to name a few, though altogether there are nine countries with known nuclear weapons. Each country having their own amount yet roughly adding up to 13,000 atomic weapons in total.

Where Australia stands

Currently, Australia is not atomically armed and has no intention to become so, under the NPT treaty signed in 1970. Since then refusing to receive or obtain any nuclear weapons.

Effects of Nuclear Weapons
Pros
-Supports national borders
-power and status of the nation is converted
-provide a premise for other technology
-can dissuade major conflicts

Cons
-a multitude of death
-severe injury
-radiation sickness
-destruction of environment

Perspectives

Hypothetical;

Some people believe that nuclear warfare is just a speculation, more of an empty threat. They may think that it will never happen, and even if it does, won’t be in their lifetime. These people may be indifferent to Australia’s choice if it were to gain atomic weapons as they believe it to have no ulterior motive, rather an inactive display.

Patriotic/defensive;

On an extreme end, others might be inclined to support the possession of nuclear weaponry as it can be seen as major defence for the country if needed. On the other hand it could also help to prevent large conflicts as the threat of beginning an atomic war may pressure government conflicts to be resolved.

Humanitarian/environmental;

Contrary, many people are solemnly against the use or possession of atomic weapons as they are aware of the harms and effects it will have on humanity as well as the earth. These will involve millions of deaths and enormous demolition of the environment targeted.

Notable statistics

In a poll done in March of 2022, IPSOS created a poll with a sample size of 1000 Australians, not equally distributed by state – most participants(p) in NSW (320p/32%) and least in ACT (17p/2%). In this poll there were two questions asked concerning nuclear warfare using a Likert scale of attitudes from strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat agree and strongly agree. The questions asked were;

1)     ‘It is unacceptable for nations to threaten each other with nuclear weapons’

2)     ‘Nuclear weapons are now banned under international law by the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Australia should end any support for nuclear weapons and sign and ratify this treaty’

In response to question 1) 86% (865p) of Australians strongly agreed or somewhat agreed with the statement made. 73% (733p) strongly agreeing while 13% (132p) somewhat agreed.

For question 2), 76% (759p) of Australians strongly agreed or somewhat agreed. Where 55% (545p) strongly agreed and 21% (214p) somewhat agreed.

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CONTROVERSY - THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
Climate Change -
The long term permanent shifts in weather and climatic conditions. It is a naturally occurring process but since the industrial revolution (use of fossil fuels and beginning of technological advancements) of the late 18th early 19th centuries, this process has been sped up due to an array of anthroprogenic/ human induced activities.
CAUSES:
Green House Gases (GHG) -
Gases in the earths atmosphere that trap heat, increasing global temperatures. Such gases include the human emitted Carbon Dioxide (CO2), with approximately 0.6 billion metric tonnes being released  annually. These gases are emitted by daily activities and services such as transportation, power generation, and the manufacturing and producing of goods and services.
Land Cover Change Process (LCC) -
LCC refers to the alterations in the surface of the Earth through either natural or human induced/ anthroprogenic processes. The main 5 anthroprogenic LCC processes include:
- Deforestation: the removal or clearing of vegetated land.
- Intensification of Agriculture: Increasing the productivity of resources already used within an agricultural area so to produce more yield (e.g. inputs such as fertilizer).
- Expansion of Agriculture: increasing the amount of land available for agricultural use.
- Mining: The extraction of resources and minerals from the earth through machinery and explosives.
- Urban Settlement Expansion: The expanding of urbanized areas into the rural fringe.
All of these processes can cause Climate change to occur as they alter the flow of energy, water, and greenhouse gases between ecosystems and the atmosphere, interfering with natural processes such as the carbon cycle (removes vegetation which act as carbon 'sinks', causing more CO2 to be put into the atmosphere).
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
- An increase in global temperatures around the world, causing weather patterns around the world to change, with global temperatures having increasing by approximately 0.18 degrees Celsius every decade. It also causes the temperatures of the ocean to increase (causes coral bleaching) and the water levels to rise (melting of the polar ice caps).
- An increase in extreme weather/ Natural disasters such as Bush Fires, Drought, Floods, Tornadoes, Cyclones etc.
- Increased rate of biodiversity loss(the decrease in species number, as well as genetic and ecosystem diversity), with Australia having the fastest rate of mammal extinction in the world, losing approximately 1 or 2 species every decade.
- Food security risks that come from the change in weather patterns (decreases in rainfall patterns), decrease in animal pollination or the disruption of food transport, market accessibility etc.
- The displacement of people from their homes due to climate change induced problems such as Natural disasters e.g. floods and bush-fires.
PERSPECTIVES:
Scientific:
Approximately 97% of all scientists agree that climate change is a threat and is being hastened by anthroprogenic processes. This mass consensus has come from observations that scientists have made in relation to temperatures, sea levels etc. whilst there perspective shows that Climate Change is the most imminent threat to humanity, they also believe that with immediate action by governments and individuals it is still reversible.

Economic:
The current world economy is almost completely powered by fossil fuels, with transport, production etc. so from an economic perspective, the switch from these fossil fuels to renewable energy sources (wind energy, solar etc.) would be very expensive and thus is not maximizing profit and economic efficiency. in this way from an economic perspective it could be perceived as a negative but on the other hand, it is also argued that this shift would cause new employment options and thus bringing positive economic impacts, as well as environmental. in this way there are a mix of opposing perspectives regarding the economic views of Climate change.

Public perspectives:
majority of people in countries believe climate change is a threat to their nation. it is also found that peoples views on climate change are also influenced by a range of factors such as their level of education as well as demographic factors such as sex and age (72% of women are concerned about climate change whereas only 59% of men are). Across a surveyed 26 countries it was found that 71% of individuals were concerned, 20% thought it was a minor threat and 9% thought it wasn't a threat at all.
STATISTICS:
FOR:
- Global Temps risen by 0.74 degrees Celsius in the last century.
- there have been 14 of the hottest years on record in the past 16.
- Researchers predict that the effects of Climate Change will cause an additional 230,000 deaths by 2030-2050.
- 40% of the worlds population is at risk due to rising sea levels.
- Climate Change influences diseases (infectiousness, spread etc.)
AGAINST:
- 90% of Americans are still unaware that climate changes impacts are being increased by human activities.

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It is a net rise in temperature around the globe, as a result of both natural but mainly human introduction of stored carbon into the atmosphere. This results in a shielding of reflecting solar radiation which is unable to move out of the atmosphere from built up carbon causing this temp rise known as global warming which is the main factor producing climate change.

CAUSES
It is caused by burning fossils which release carbon dioxide (75%).  It is also created largely through burning of crops and agriculture aswell as overfishing. Further deforestation in places such as the amazon decrease the earths natural ability to store carbon thus increasing the effect of carbon emotions in other areas.

Perspectives:
Environmental: burning of fossil fuels by human beings has caused rapid ocean carbonation which bleach coral, murders fish, and thus murders children who starve as a result of no food in fishing villages. The temperature rise also melts the polar ice which could see the water rise by a few meters flooding 25% of seafaring land killing innocent children. Furthermore the reduction of forrest such as in the amazon, will see an exponential rise in the atmospheric carbon levels thus exponentially amplifying the amount of children murdered by the climate aswell and multiple other creatures including bugs which is all at the hand of dirty fossil fuel enjoyers. People have this perspective as see the yearly changes in the environment, the data surrounding that with species dropping in numbers, and the amplification of storms thus wanting to reverse this with the  follsil fuel industry the main culprit. Greta Thunberg, David Attenborough, and Leonardo DiCaprio all have this perspective altho as it is similar tho the scientific perspective they are seen to have both.

Economic: That altho better for the environment in terms of cost and the effect on the global economy, replacement of fossil fuel energy with renewable energy will cause an economic disaster due to the entire economy being built on oil and coal. This withdrawal from initial industries have no profitability other than the power they produce thus being an obvious disruption of the somewhat stable economic environment. However in terms of economies at local levels, low socioeconomic villages who rely on fishing will see whole economies collapse due to climate change as fish becomes sparse from ocean acidification and overfishing. Thus this perspective is mixed with large economists believing the transition from fossil fuels is too steep to take while people in low socioeconomic areas who rely on the climate want to save it.

Political catholic (especially in Brazil): Climate change does not exist and it is purely a tactic to bring down the economy and for the left wing communists to get the hard working tax payers money to fund their extremist plots.  The deforestation said to be creating this climate change, gives less land to farm and thus brings down the economy as there is less produce towns. excuses very common in this perspective however in places such as Brazil, up to half the population can be said to have this perspective. This can be seen with former Brazilian prime minister Jair Bolsonaro who is a non believer of climate change ramping up deforestation of the amazon as part of his plan to create more farmland. this support for deforestation was seen in the Brazilian population as a coup was staged after Bolsonaro's removal from office. this is the same in other developing countries such as India where climate change is seen as irrelevant to the poor and starving population who believe coal is its only option for progression. Further, this government denial of climate change action can be seen in the Australian government which under the last government saw Australia as one of the highest burners of fossil fuels in the world. This perspective was carried out by Scott Morrison who due to the large donation of the coal and non renewables industry had to abide by there wishes. this corruption in governments is found all over the world and is the true reason for this climate change outlook just like doctors being payed to say smokings good for you.

Scientific: That as a result of climate change there will be serious serious climatic alterations including increased intense storms, rising see levels and food insecurities which are only few of the detrimental effects of continuation of large carbon emissions. these effects are irreversible past 2025 so all action plans which have been constantly past by politicians are ineffective solutions with no change to the rate of emissions, resulting in a 100% chance of global extinction. This perspective is based on data and facts, thus it is very common in the western world which has abundant access to this. As scientific evidence is hard to come by especially in nations with heavy censorship such as china this is not a common perspective that people have.

The perspectives are very common across all demographics in the world thus this topic is of high controversy. Although western society comes up with the bright innovative ideas, these are wildly unviable in places such as India and many other developing countries which have corrupt governments, poor living standards with education being minimal and the control of fossil fuel industries which fund the nations. These countries are unlikely to ever be close in matching the climate sensitive innovation of the west and can be seen as the true problem regarding emissions. To truly have an effect on this controversial topic and situation the world needs to be much more united in what we are fighting for and pass this controversy eliminating the fossil fuel industries control over the world.

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Climate change - long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, which produces heat-trapping gases.

Causes

Generating power:

Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas causes a large chunk of global emissions. Most electricity is still produced from fossil fuels, only about a quarter comes from wind, solar and other renewable sources.

Manufacturing goods:

Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics, plastics, clothes and other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also release gases.

Cutting down forests:

Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release the carbon they have been storing. Since forests absorb carbon dioxid

These are just a few of the key causes.

Effects

Hotter temperatures

More severe storms

Increased drought

A warming, rising ocean

Loss of species

Insufficient food

More health risks

Displacement and poverty

Perspectives
Climate scientists and environmentalists: Climate scientists and environmentalists generally agree that global warming is a real and pressing issue that needs to be addressed urgently. They view global warming as a result of human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural practices, that release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. They hold this perspective based on scientific evidence that indicates rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and increased frequency of natural disasters.

Skeptics and deniers: Skeptics and deniers often dispute the science of climate change and argue that the effects of global warming are exaggerated. Some may acknowledge that the climate is changing but believe that it is part of a natural cycle and not influenced by human activity. Others may believe that climate change is a hoax or a conspiracy perpetuated by governments or environmentalists. They hold this perspective based on their interpretation of scientific data or on ideological and political beliefs.

Economists and policymakers: Economists and policymakers may view global warming as a complex economic and political issue that requires a balance between environmental concerns and economic growth. They may advocate for policies that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining economic competitiveness and growth. They hold this perspective based on their understanding of the economic implications of climate change and the potential costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation measures.

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Controversy - Refugees

Asylum seeker - a person looking for protection because they fear persecution, or they have experienced violence or human rights violations.

Refugee - a person who asked for protection and was given refugee status. They may have been resettled in another country or be waiting for resettlement.

Migrant - a person who leaves or flees their home to go to new places – usually abroad – to seek opportunities or safer and better prospects.
Australia’s situation

Australia is a party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, which defines a refugee as a person who has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.

The primary obligation under the Convention is that of non-refoulement—that is, refugees must not be expelled or returned to places where they would face persecution based on one or more Convention grounds.
Off-shore detention is immigration detention where people seeking to claim asylum in Australia and arrive by boat are transferred to processing centres in another country. There are currently around 150 refugees held in Nauru and PNG who after a decade of being subjected to traumatic and harmful conditions in offshore detention need urgent evacuation to Australia. Since 2013 there have been 14 deaths as a result of offshore detention. There is overwhelming documentation of serious abuses, including child sexual abuse, medical negligence and high levels of self-harm under the offshore detention system.
Perspectives
Many people are in favour of Australia taking asylum seekers based on their humanitarian beliefs that people are entitled to protection of their human rights, including the right to seek asylum, regardless of how or where they arrive in Australia, or in any other country. These people may be against Off-shore detention.

Others have less altruistic perspectives which focus on the economic advantages of addressing skills shortages, population growth and economic stimulation.

In contrast, some people have a much more nationalist perspective which focuses on the potential for radicalised people entering Australia, pressure on our economy, including employment support, health care and education and the belief that refugees are often economically disadvantaged rather than in danger. These people may be in favour of Off-Shore detention.