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Rock Exploration Thinking Map STEM11-Q GRP.4 (3)

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Rock Exploration Thinking Map STEM11-Q GRP.4 (2)

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A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcano—sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type of eruption is called a 'glowing avalanche' which is when freshly erupted magma flows down the sides of a volcano. They can travel quickly and reach temperatures of up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall, and lahars (mud or debris flows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages.

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A fundamental idea in geology, the rock cycle illustrates how the three primary types of rocks—sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous—change over the course of geologic time. When a rock is pushed out of its equilibrium circumstances, it changes.

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There are three basic types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each of which has a different mineral composition.

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Magma is a mineral combination, just like solid rock is. In modest concentrations, it also has dissolved gases like sulfur, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Under the crust of the Earth, there are high pressures and temperatures that keep magma fluid. It makes up the majority of the planet's mantle. The magma has the ability to breach crustal fissures or cracks, igniting a volcano. Lava is the term for magma that flows onto the surface of the Earth.

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Sediment - is solid material that is moved and deposited in a new location. Sediment can consist of rocks and minerals, as well as the remains of plants and animals. It can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a boulder. Sediment moves from one place to another through the process of erosion.
Sediment examples include boulders, pebbles, cobbles, sand, silt, and clay. Boulders, pebbles, and cobbles are types of gravel and are the largest sizes of sediment.

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Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either on volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. They are described to be very hard, are either glassy or coarse, and usually do not react with acids. Some examples of igneous rocks are pumice, obsidian, andesite, rhyolite, and basalt.

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Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors.

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Sedimentary rocks are produced by deposits of mineral fragments that had been accumulating on the surface. They are the most typical rocks found on the surface of the Earth can be moulded as layers. These rocks are typically found close to water sources, such as oceans and can be found as well in caves and deserts.