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Extrinsic eye muscles (also called extraocular muscles) are attached to the outside of the eyeball and enable the eyes to move in all directions

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First order neurone:

Taste fibres from the three cranials nerves form tractus solitarius »»»»» end in the nucleus of tractus solitarius (medulla)

Second order neurone:

From TS cross the midline  to ascend in the medial lemniscus to the thalamus

Third order neuron:

From thalamus project the cerebral cortex through thalamic radiation

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5 established taste

Taste buds on tongue not uniform

Sweet receptors responds to

- Sugars

- Saccharine

- Some amino acids

Sour receptors……….

- H

- Acids

Bitter receptors……….

- Alkaloids

Salty receptors………..

- Salt, ions, metal

Umami

- Glutamate-“Beef taste” of  steak

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Taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor

Molecules dissolve in the saliva »»»»» attached to receptors on cillia of gustatory cells receptors potential action potential

Combination between molecules and receptors are weak (since taste can be easily abolished by washing mouth with water)

Taste buds are specialized receptors widely scattered throughout the oral cavity

- Tongue

- Soft palate

- Inner surface of cheeks

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Hearing & EQUILIBRIUM- Vanessa, Tan, Vivien & YM

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Hearing & EQUILIBRIUM- Vanessa, Tan, Vivien & YM

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Qing, Foong, Yu, Hao

How we can see?
- light enter the eye through the cornea
- the cornea refractive power bends the light rays through the pupil
- the iris has the ability enlarged and shrinks on how much light is entering the eye
- after light passing through the light ray, the light ray enter the lens
- the lens reflects the light ray to the retina
- in the retina there is a special cell call photoreceptors which turn light ray into the electrical signal
- the electrical signal send to the brain through optic nerve

Three layers of eyeball

1) Fibrous Tunic

- Cornea: acts as a structural barrier and protects the eye against infections

- Sclera: supporting wall that helps maintain eyeball's shape

2) Vascular Tunic

- Iris: control pupil

- Ciliary body: changes the shape of the lens when the eye focuses

- Choroid: bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye

3) Retina

- Optic disc: sends all visual data to the brain

- Macula Lutea: responsible for sharp, detailed central vision

Extrinsic eye muscles (also called extraocular muscles) are attached to the outside of the eyeball and enable the eyes to move in all directions.

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Qing, Foong, Hao, Yu