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can be metabolised to dopamine by gut microbiome

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reduces bile salt formation

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can cause gut dysbiosis due to changes in stomach pH

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can convert prodrugs to active drugs, or active drugs to inactive drugs

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invades broken skin and triggers virulence factors that cause inflammation and skin damage

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is maintained by microbes which produce metabolites that maintain barrier function, protect against pathogens, and regulate the immune system

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excessive clot formation which can lead to heart disease or strokes

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buildup of cholesterol and plaques in arteries

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such as GLP-1 and PYY, promoting insulin secretion, reducing digestion to increase feeling of satiety

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production of glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds, this helps to regulate blood sugar and promote satiety

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can be found in blood stream

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secondary tumor far away from the original primary tumor

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foods or supplements that contain live microorganisms to increase numbers of benefical bacteria in body

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through gut-derived immune cells and microbial metabolites like SCFAs or Trp

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HPA axis, vagus nerve which directly innervates the intestinal tract, damage associated molecular patterns

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signficantly different for good and bad stroke outcomes, including microbiome composition, reduced motility, bacterial translocation

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can have drastically different outcomes based on alpha and beta diversity metrics for stroke patient

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has opposing affects on normal and cancerous colon cells: causes proliferation and growth for normal cells and apoptosis for cancerous cells

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stabilises the tumor

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present inside tumor, causing actin cytoskeleton reorganization which allows cancer cells to be more pliable and therefore more resistant to mechanical stresses

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includes cancer cells, stromal tissue, and extracellular matrix

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microorganism with cancer causing effects such as dna damage, altered Wnt/B-catenin signalling, pro-inflammatory programs

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continuous selection for advantageous mutations that contribute to rapid cancerous growth

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uncontrollable and abnormal growth of cells that invades and destroys ordinary cell tissues

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a progressive neurological disease, causes loss of memory

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creates a tight and selective barrier, ensuring limited and selective permeability

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selective semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the interstitium of the brain, allows for regulation of molecule and ion movement between brain and the circulatory system.

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antibiotics course to remove of existing gut bacteria, followed by transplant to create new gut microbiome

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group of different neurodevelopmental disorders also linked to gastrointestinal dysfunction, including increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation and altered gut permeability

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sequences short fragments from all types of DNA which allows this method to provide data about not just bacteria, but also the archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses present in the sample

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a comprehensive measurement of all metabolites and proteins produced within a sample, done through mass spectrometry

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identifies the specific taxa that are different between the groups of interest to develop hypotheses about up-regulated and down-regulated taxa

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a sequencing method used to identify and compare bacteria present within a given sample. this works because the 16S rRNA gene found in the prokaryotic ribosome can serve as a molecular marker for bacterial identification. the gene exhibits both conserved regions that are essential for ribosomal function and variable regions that are unique to different bacterial taxa.

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a SCFA that regulates glucose metabolism, and prevents against inflammation, obesity, diabetes, cancer

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short chain fatty acids (SCFAs for short)

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short chain fatty acids (SCFAs for short)

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metabolite produced by gut microbiome

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the time between late fetal period to early infancy, which greatly shapes the baby's immune system through sufficient and proper environmental exposure for microbial colonisaiton

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suggests that the womb is sterile, and babies are born without any microbiome

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suggests that the womb is not sterile, and microbial colonisation begins before birth

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differences in the number or abundance and phylogenetic relationships of taxa between samples

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the number or relative abundance of taxa within a sample.

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such as through the vagus nerve which is part of the enteric nervous system. afferent fibres carry signals from gut to brain, and efferent fibres carry signals from gut to brain

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such as neurotransmitters in the blood

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network of connections through multiple biological systems allowing for bidirectional communication between gut microbiome and brain

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us

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start your journey here! the microbiome 

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start your journey here! the microbiome 

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the microorganisms inside us