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The First Morocco Crisis happened in 1905. It was a political fight (not a war) between France and Germany because France wanted to control Morocco and Germany didn’t agree. In 1906, they had a meeting in Algeciras to talk about the problem. In the end, France got more power in Morocco and the countries became more like enemies. It was one of the problems that helped start World War I.

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The Balkan Wars were two fights in 1912 and 1913 between countries in southeast Europe. First, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria fought together to push the Ottoman Empire out of the region. Then, Bulgaria fought against its former friends to get more land but lost. These wars changed the maps and increased tensions that led to World War I.

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Assassination of Archduke F. Ferdinand (28/06/1914)

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Assassination of Archduke F. Ferdinand (28/06/1914)

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was killed in Sarajevo in 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. This assassination caused tension between countries and started World War I.

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In 1914, World War I began. Germany wanted to attack France quickly, but to make it easier, it decided to go through Belgium, a country that was not at war (it was neutral).

Germany asked Belgium for permission to pass through its territory, but Belgium said no. So, on August 4, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium by force.

This made Great Britain very angry, because Belgium was supposed to be respected. That’s why Great Britain declared war on Germany that same day.

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The Battle of the Marne happened in September 1914, during World War I.

Germany wanted to win quickly by taking over France. German soldiers got very close to Paris.

But the French and British armies stopped them near the Marne River. French soldiers even used taxis to get to the battle fast.

Germany had to go back, and their plan to win quickly failed.

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In 1915, during World War I, soldiers from Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand went to Turkey to attack a place called Gallipoli.

They wanted to take control of an important route to help their friend, Russia.

But the Turkish soldiers (the Ottoman Empire) fought very well.

The battle lasted many months, many people died, and in the end, the attackers lost and left in 1916.

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Between 1915 and 1923, the government of Turkey (which was called the Ottoman Empire before) hurt many Armenian people.

The Armenians had their own religion and culture.

The government said the Armenians were bad and forced them to leave their homes.

Many Armenians died on the way.

It is believed that more than one million Armenian people died.

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The Battle of Verdun was a very long and hard fight during World War I.

It happened in 1916, in a place called Verdun, in France.

Germany wanted to win quickly and attacked Verdun because they knew France would defend it strongly.

The fight lasted almost 10 months and many soldiers on both sides died or got hurt.

France fought hard and did not let Germany take the city.

This battle showed how brave the French soldiers were.

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When World War I started, the United States didn’t want to fight. It wanted to stay neutral and not choose a side.

But later, Germany started using submarines to sink ships, and some ships had American people on them, like the Lusitania. That made Americans very angry.

Then, in 1917, the U.S. found out about a secret message from Germany to Mexico. In the message, Germany said it would help Mexico get land back from the U.S. if Mexico helped in the war.

After this, the U.S. decided to join the war. In April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson said the U.S. had to fight.

The U.S. helped its friends, like France and Britain, by sending soldiers and supplies. This helped them win the war faster.

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Nicholas II is executed and the start of the Russian Revolution (10/1917)

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Nicholas II is executed and the start of the Russian Revolution (10/1917)

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Nicholas II was the last king of Russia. While he was in power, most people were very poor, but his family lived with a lot of luxury. This made people very angry. In March 1917, the protests were so big that Nicholas had to give up the throne.

In October 1917, a group called the Bolsheviks, who were communists and wanted to change the country, took power. Their leader was Lenin. They arrested Nicholas and his family.

On the night of July 17, 1918, the Bolsheviks killed Nicholas II, his wife, their five children, and some others. They did this because they were afraid their enemies might try to rescue him and bring him back to power.

After his death, the Bolsheviks stayed in control, and the communist government officially began in Russia.

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In 1917, the United Kingdom said it supported the idea that Jewish people could have a place to live in Palestine. This idea helped many Jews want to return to that land to create their own country. But it also caused problems because there were already Arab people living in Palestine who were not happy with this idea.

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In 1918, the president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, shared 14 ideas to help end World War I and stop other wars from happening. He wanted countries to be fair and for everyone to decide how to live. He also suggested a group where countries could talk and solve problems without fighting, called the League of Nations.

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In 1918, Russia signed an agreement called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to leave World War I. To do this, Russia had to give a lot of land to Germany and its allies. This allowed Germany to use more soldiers in other parts of the war. The new Russian government did this to fix problems inside the country.

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World War I ended in 1918 because the countries were tired and running out of resources. The Allies won, and Germany decided to stop fighting. They signed an agreement to end the war, and later made a peace treaty called the Treaty of Versailles.

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The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement in 1919 that ended World War I. Germany had to accept that it was their fault, pay a lot of money, lose land, and reduce its army. A group called the League of Nations was also created to help stop more war

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The Ottoman Empire disintegrates and the Republic of Turkey emerges (29/10/1923)

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The Ottoman Empire disintegrates and the Republic of Turkey emerges (29/10/1923)

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The Ottoman Empire was a big country that had many lands. During World War I, it fought and lost. After the war, it lost many lands and started to disappear. A man named Mustafa Kemal Atatürk helped the people of Turkey make a new country. In 1923, the Ottoman Empire ended and Turkey was born. Atatürk changed many things to make Turkey a modern

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Woodrow Wilson was the president of the United States during World War I. At first, he didn’t want his country to enter the war, but in 1917 he decided to help the Allies. After the war, he proposed a peace plan called the 14 Points and helped create the League of Nations. He was also a very smart man, was a teacher, got married twice, and became sick at the end of his life. He died in 1924.

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The Weimar Republic was the government of Germany after it lost World War I It started in 1919 when the German emperor left power and Germany became a republic, which means a country with a president and a parliament chosen by the people The country was in a very bad situation with a lot of poverty, prices went up very fast so money lost its value, and there were fights between political groups Some people wanted a revolution and others wanted a king again In 1929 the Great Depression made things even worse with more people losing their jobs and more hunger and anger Many people blamed the Weimar government for the country’s problems and for accepting the Treaty of Versailles which was very harsh on Germany In 1933 a man named Adolf Hitler got a lot of support and took power, ending the Weimar Republic and starting the Nazi dictatorship

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The Roaring Twenties were the 1920s, especially in the United States, right after World War I. It was a time when many people started living better, the economy grew a lot, and new things were created that changed people’s lives. For example, cars, the radio, movies, and electricity became very popular and more common in homes.

It was also a time when people went out more, danced, listened to jazz, and bought modern things. Many people lived in cities and spent money on clothes, entertainment, and new gadgets. Women began to have more freedom, could vote, worked more, and wore modern clothes like shrt dresses and had short hair.

But not everything was perfect. While some people got richer, others stayed poor. Farmers earned little money, and African Americans and immigrants faced discrimination. Also, some people did not like the modern changes and wanted to keep traditional ways.

All this time of happiness and growth ended in 1929 when the Great Depression started and the economy crashed.o

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Flappers were young women in the 1920s who didn’t follow old rules. They wore short dresses, cut their hair short, and wore makeup. They liked to dance, listen to jazz music, and go to parties. They smoked, drank alcohol (even though it was not allowed), and wanted to be free and do what they liked. Flappers showed that women were starting to live in a new, modern way.

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Founding of the League of Nations (1920)

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Founding of the League of Nations (1920)

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The League of Nations was created in 1920, after World War I. Its main goal was to keep peace in the world and stop future wars. Countries joined the League and promised to solve problems by talking, not fighting. It was the idea of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, but the United States never joined. The League tried to help with world problems, but it was not strong enough to stop big conflicts. Later, it was replaced by the United Nations after World War II.

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In 1923, Germany had a big money problem. After World War I, it had to pay a lot of money (called reparations) to other countries. To do this, Germany printed more and more money. But printing too much money made it lose value. Prices went up very fast. For example, a loaf of bread that cost 1 mark could soon cost millions. People needed bags of money just to buy food. Many lost their savings, and life became very hard. This time is called hyperinflation — when money becomes almost worthless.

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The March on Rome was when Benito Mussolini and his followers (called Fascists) took power in Italy. In October 1922, thousands of Fascists marched to Rome to show they wanted control of the government. The Italian king didn’t stop them. Instead, he made Mussolini the Prime Minister. This was the beginning of a dictatorship in Italy, where Mussolini had total control.

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The Beer Hall Putsch was when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi followers tried to take over the German government by force. It happened in Munich in 1923. They started in a beer hall, where they tried to get leaders to support them. Then they marched through the city, but the police stopped them. The plan failed, and Hitler was sent to prison. While in prison, he wrote a book called Mein Kampf. Even though the putsch failed, it helped Hitler become more famous.

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After World War I, Germany had to pay money to France and Belgium as part of the peace agreement. In 1923, Germany could not pay, so French and Belgian troops went into the Ruhr, an important industrial area in Germany. The German workers in the Ruhr stopped working (they went on strike) to protest the occupation. This caused even more problems for Germany’s economy and helped cause hyperinflation

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The Dawes Plan was created to help Germany pay its war debts (reparations) after World War I. It was an agreement between Germany, the United States, and other countries. The plan gave Germany more time to pay and also gave it loans to help its economy recover. Because of the Dawes Plan, Germany’s economy got better for a while, and tensions in Europe decreased.

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The Locarno Treaty was an agreement between Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy. They promised to respect each other’s borders and avoid war. Germany accepted its borders with France and Belgium, and all agreed to solve problems peacefully. The treaty helped make Europe feel safer for a while after World War I.

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While Hitler was in prison after his failed attempt at a coup, he wrote a book called Mein Kampf. In the book, he shared his political and social ideas for Germany. He often repeated how much he hated Jews, communists, and many other groups. He also said that Germany should become much more powerful and take a lot more land than it had at the time.

This book is important beacouse we can se how hitler thought after his power in Germany, but is soo dangerous too becaouse express rascim and hate.

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Before this, many people were buying stocks from companies hoping to make a lot of money. But little by little, they lost hope of earning that much money and decided to start selling everything. This caused prices to fall very low, and everyone who had bought stocks sold all their shares.

This affected both companies and banks, and many people lost their jobs. The economy around the world went into a crisis, where there was a lot of poverty, hunger, and sadness.

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The Great Depression was a very big economic crisis that started in 1929 in the United States, but then affected almost the whole world.

It began when the stock market in New York crashed (that means the value of stocks dropped very fast). Many people and companies lost their money, businesses closed, and millions of people lost their jobs.

Banks also closed, and people could not take out their money. Many families lost their homes and didn’t have food.

Since the United States was a very important country, this crisis also affected other countries, like Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and more.

It lasted for several years, and the economy started to get better in the 1930s, when governments began to create jobs and help people.

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When the Great Depression came to the United States, many people lost everything in their lives. To help all these people, the United States (President Franklin D. Roosevelt) created the New Deal, which included different goals.

The government paid people to do public work jobs to improve the country. This helped both the citizens and the country.

It also helped farmers so they could sell their products because no one was buying due to the lack of money.

Help was created so that people without jobs could get some money to survive and keep going.

Because banks were closing, the United States government helped make the economy much safer to prevent another crisis.

And finally, new laws were made to protect workers by requiring a minimum wage and better working conditions. They also decided to protect the new economy.

This is how, thanks to the New Deal, the United States took a step closer to ending the crisis.

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Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany (1933)

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Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany (1933)

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In the 1920s and early 1930s, Germany was very unhappy with the economy and politics in the country. The Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler, gained a lot of support because they promised to change things in Germany.

That’s how, in 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany.

Little by little, he started to eliminate political parties he didn’t like, wanted to control the government, and keep all the power for himself.

Some people thought they could use Hitler for their own benefit, but it didn’t end that way. Germany stopped being a democracy and fell under Hitler’s dictatorship.

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In February 1933, the Reichstag building (Germany’s parliament) caught fire. The Nazis blamed a communist named Marinus van der Lubbe for starting the fire. Hitler used the fire as an excuse to say that Germany was in danger from enemies inside the country. Because of this, the government passed laws that gave Hitler and the Nazis more power and allowed them to stop their political enemies, especially the communists. This event helped Hitler become a dictator.

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The Nuremberg Laws were rules made by the Nazi government in Germany in 1935. These laws took away many rights from Jewish people. They made it illegal for Jews to marry or have relationships with non-Jewish Germans. The laws also defined who was considered Jewish based on family background. These laws were part of the Nazis’ plan to separate Jews from the rest of society and treat them unfairly.

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Ones of the causes were:

1. The impact of the first world war.

2. The economic crisis and the great depression

3. The rise of totalitarisim

4. The weakness of democracies:After World War I, many countries tried to have democracy, but it didn’t work well. There was an economic crisis, fights between political parties, and many people didn’t trust the government. Since people were scared and angry, they started to support strong leaders like Hitler or Mussolini.

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In 1935, Italy, led by dictator Benito Mussolini, invaded Ethiopia, a country in Africa. Mussolini wanted to make Italy more powerful and create a big empire, like in the old Roman times. Ethiopia tried to fight back but didn’t have enough weapons. Other countries did not stop Italy, so Mussolini felt stronger and more confident. This invasion showed that aggressive countries could break rules without punishment.

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It was a war in Spain between two groups:

The Republicans: wanted a democratic Spain with more rights for the people.

The Nationalists: led by General Francisco Franco, wanted a strong and conservative government.

The war started in 1936 and ended in 1939. It was very violent, and many people died. Germany and Italy helped the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union helped the Republicans. In the end, the Nationalists won, and Franco became the dictator of Spain. He ruled until he died in 1975.

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In November 1936, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact against the USSR, which Italy later joined in 1940

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In 1938, leaders from Germany, Britain, France, and Italy met to solve a problem. Hitler wanted a part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland because many people there spoke German. To avoid a war, Britain and France said yes and let Hitler take that land without asking Czechoslovakia. This was called appeasement — trying to keep peace by giving what someone wants. But it didn’t stop Hitler, and he took more land later.

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In March 1939, Germany took control of all of Czechoslovakia. Before this, Hitler had already taken part of it (the Sudetenland) in 1938. He promised not to take more land, but he broke that promise. This showed that Hitler could not be trusted and that he wanted to take over more countries. It was a step closer to World War II.

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On September 1, 1939, Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, attacked Poland without warning. They used a military strategy called Blitzkrieg, or lightning war, which involved fast attacks with planes, tanks, and soldiers to defeat the enemy quickly. The invasion was very violent and caused a lot of damage and many deaths.

Because of this, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, on September 3, 1939. This officially started World War II, a conflict that lasted six years and affected the whole world.

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In April 1940 they invade Denmark and Norway

In May 1940 they invaded Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.

In June 1940 they invaded France.

In June 1940 they tried to invade Great Britain.

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The Nazi New Order was the plan by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to control Europe during World War II. It included taking land from other countries, controlling the people, and making Germany very powerful. The Nazis wanted to create a society based on their ideas of race, where they treated some groups (especially Jews) very badly. This plan led to war, suffering, and many deaths.

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The Holocaust was the mass murder of about six million Jews during World War II by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. They believed Jews were inferior and wanted to get rid of them. Many were killed in concentration camps, gas chambers, and mass shootings. Other groups, like Roma people, disabled individuals, and political opponents, were also victims. The Holocaust is one of the worst crimes in history and is remembered to make sure it never happens again.

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In June 1941, Germany broke a promise with the Soviet Union (USSR) and attacked them in a surprise attack called Operation Barbarossa. Hitler wanted to take control of Soviet land and resources. The invasion was huge and caused a long and very hard fight between Germany and the USSR during World War II. This attack opened a new front in the war and changed how the war was fought.

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At first, the Soviet Union (led by Stalin) had a peace agreement with Nazi Germany called the Non-Aggression Pact (1939). But in June 1941, Germany broke this pact by invading the USSR. Because of this, Stalin and the Soviet Union joined the Allies (countries fighting against Germany). This was a big change because before, the USSR and Germany were not enemies, but now they fought each other in World War II.

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On December 7, 1941, Japan surprised the United States by attacking the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This attack destroyed many ships and airplanes and caused many deaths. Because of this, the United States declared war on Japan and joined World War II on the side of the Allies.

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The Allies made important attacks in World War II. In 1944, they landed in France (D-Day) and fought to free Europe. In Russia, the Soviets won a big battle at Stalingrad. In the Pacific, the USA took islands from Japan. These wins helped the Allies win the war.

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In August 1944, Allied soldiers, especially from the United States and France, freed Paris from Nazi control. After almost four years under German occupation, the city was freed without much destruction thanks to a quick attack. The liberation of Paris was very important because it showed that the Nazis were losing the war and that Europe was starting to become free again.

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Germans managed to retain North Italy 1944-1945

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Germans managed to retain North Italy 1944-1945

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During World War II, after Italy surrendered to the Allies in 1943, Germany took control of Northern Italy to keep it under their power. The Germans set up strong defenses there and fought hard to hold the area against the advancing Allied forces. This made the war in Italy last longer and was very difficult for the Allies.

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Atomic bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki  1945

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Atomic bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki  1945

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In August 1945, during the last days of World War II, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (on August 6) and Nagasaki (on August 9). These bombs caused massive destruction, killing tens of thousands of people instantly and many more later from injuries and radiation. The power of these bombs was unlike anything seen before.

The bombings shocked the world and made Japan realize it could not continue the war. On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its surrender, officially ending World War II. This event changed warfare forever and showed the terrible power of nuclear weapons.

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The Soviets occupied Berlin – 2 de mayo de 1945

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The Soviets occupied Berlin – 2 de mayo de 1945

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This happened at the end of World War II. The Soviet army fought hard to take the city from the Nazis. After weeks of heavy battles and bombing, German forces in Berlin finally surrendered. The fall of Berlin marked the end of Nazi Germany.

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Suicidio de Hitler – 30 de abril de 1945

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Suicidio de Hitler – 30 de abril de 1945

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At the end of World War II, in April 1945, Adolf Hitler knew that Germany was losing the war. The Soviet army was very close to Berlin, the capital of Germany. Hitler was hiding in a bunker (a safe place underground) under the city.

He didn’t want to be captured by the Soviets, so on April 30, 1945, he decided to kill himself. He was with his wife, Eva Braun. They had just gotten married one day before. Hitler shot himself, and Eva took poison. Both of them died in the bunker.

After their deaths, their bodies were burned because Hitler didn’t want the enemies to find them.

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Benito Mussolini was the leader of Fascist Italy during World War II. In April 1945, as the war was ending, he tried to escape from Italy with his girlfriend, Clara Petacci. They were caught by Italian partisans (resistance fighters) on April 27, 1945.

The next day, April 28, 1945, Mussolini and Clara were shot and killed. Their bodies were taken to Milan and hung upside down in a public square. Many Italians were angry at Mussolini and wanted to see that he was really dead.

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End of war in Europe – 8 de mayo de 1945

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End of war in Europe – 8 de mayo de 1945

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World War II ended in 1945. First, the war ended in Europe. After Adolf Hitler died, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945. This day is called V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

Then, the war continued in Asia. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in August 1945. After that, Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. This ended the whole war.

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The Nuremberg Trials were a series of court trials held after World War II, from 1945 to 1946. They took place in Nuremberg, Germany. The main goal was to judge Nazi leaders for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and starting the war.

Important Nazi officials were put on trial. Some were sentenced to death, others to prison. These trials were the first time international law was used to punish war crimes.

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International Monetary Fund (IMF) – 1945

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International Monetary Fund (IMF) – 1945

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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization created in 1944 to help countries with their money problems. Its main job is to make sure the global economy is stable. The IMF gives loans to countries that have financial troubles and helps them fix their economies. It also advises countries on how to manage their money better.

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Important characters and Camps de concentració

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Important characters and Camps de concentració

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Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He started World War II by invading other countries. Hitler believed in a racist idea called Nazism, which caused the persecution and murder of millions of people, especially Jews, in the Holocaust. He died by suicide in 1945 when Germany was losing the war.

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Benito Mussolini was the leader of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He created a government called Fascism, which was very strict and controlled. Mussolini joined World War II on the side of Nazi Germany. In 1945, as the war ended, he was captured and killed by Italian resistance fighters.

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Francisco Franco was a Spanish military leader who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975. He came to power after winning the Spanish Civil War. Franco’s government was very strict, and he stopped many freedoms. He kept Spain neutral during World War II.

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Neville Chamberlain was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. He is known for trying to avoid war by signing the Munich Agreement with Hitler in 1938, giving part of Czechoslovakia to Germany. He hoped this would bring peace, but Hitler broke the deal. When World War II started, Chamberlain lost support and was replaced by Winston Churchill in 1940.

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Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from the 1920s until his death in 1953. He turned the Soviet Union into a powerful communist country. During World War II, Stalin was part of the Allied Powers, fighting against Nazi Germany.

Stalin was known for his strict and brutal rule. He controlled the country through fear, sending many people to prison or having them killed. After the war, he helped start the Cold War by spreading communism in Eastern Europe. Stalin died in 1953, but his rule left a strong impact on history.

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Robert Capa was a famous war photographer known for capturing dramatic images of battles and conflicts during the 20th century. He was born in Hungary in 1913 and became famous for his photos of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. One of his most iconic photos shows a soldier being shot during the Spanish Civil War.

Capa was known for being fearless, often taking photographs right in the middle of dangerous situations. He died in 1954 while covering the First Indochina War.