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Argentina is a large country in the southern part of South America. It is South America's second-largest country and falls right under its northeastern neighbor, Brazil. Bordered by The country has an Area of 1,027,067 square miles and is about 1/3 of that of the United States Of America.

Argentina is divided into four different regions The Andes Mountains, the Pampas, Patagonia, and The North. The main spine of the Andes named the Andes Cordillera, creates a naturally made wall, creating the border between Argentina and Chile.

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The population of Argentina sits at roughly 46 million as of the end of 2024.

Gender population breakdown:

Female: 23.7 million

Male: 23.1 million

Major Urbanized Areas and their population:

Buenos Aires (Capitol), 15.49 million

Córdoba, 1.62 million

Rosario, 1.59 million

Mendoza, 1.22 million

Ethnic groups:

The Majority of Argentina's population is mainly European, Mostly of Spanish and Italian descent (97.2%), 2.4% are Indigenous, and 0.4% are of African descent.

Language:

Spanish is the official language of Argentina, but other commonly used languages are Italian, English, German, French, and Indigenous.

Education and Literacy:

Literacy- 99% of the total population ages 15 and over can read and write

Education- Since the pandemic in 2020, Argentina has suffered a major problem with students dropping out of primary and secondary schooling. Only 53% of students make it to their senior year of secondary school without repeating and only 13 % complete on time.

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Argentina EXPLAINED by Opentiera on Youtube

A further in-depth explanation of Argentina's History, Geography, Culture and Traditions.

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Argentina EXPLAINED - History, Geography, & Culture

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Argentina's parliament is a Federal Republic, which means there is both a national government and then smaller units of government at the state (providence) level. This republic is composed of 23 autonomous provinces and the Republic Capitol, Buenos Aires.

The Republics governing system is a presidential system, which includes the president of the republic( the executive) and separation of powers. The president is determined by an electoral democracy, where the Argentine people cast votes to elect the president.

The government, similarly to the United States, has a three-branch system of government. The Executive branch, Legislative and Judicial.

Executive- The president is the Head of State, Chief Executive, and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces.

Judicial- The Supreme Court is the highest court of law and its rulings cannot be appealed. Members are appointed by the president, and agreed upon by a 2/3 vote of the Senate

Legislative- The Senate.

Can ratify international treaties, approve changes to constitutional or federal criminal laws, and confirm or impeach presidential nominees to the cabinet, judiciary, armed forces, and diplomatic corps.

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The Constitution of the Argentine Nation

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The Constitution of the Argentine Nation

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Argentina's current national constitution was adopted in 1853 and has been amended multiple times since. Most recently amended in 1994.

This constitution is the primary source of law in Argentina.

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Argentina is Latin America's 3rd largest country economically. But over the last 100 years, Argentina has gone through extreme waves of economic success and dysfunction. Ultimately, putting the country in extreme debt that is hard to recover from.

The country is also still very divided politically, which does not help when considering economics and money issues.

Argentina's current political status= Populism Vs. Military rule

One of the many reasons Argentina is so behind economically is a result of a loan borrowed from the International Monetary Fund( IMF) for billions of dollars that need to be paid back, on top of other debts.

This loan was a result of a run on the peso in 2018 that forced President Mauricio Macri (2015-2019) to sign a 44 billion dollar loan agreement with the IMF, which has been the largest loan agreement yet in history of the Bank.

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GDP (Official exchange rate)= 646.075 Billion ( as of 2023, most recent year)

Real GDP Growth rate (as of 2023)= -1.61%

GINI Coefficient= 40.7% ( as of 2022)

Happiness Index = Ranked #48, with a happiness index of 6.7/ 10

Industrial production growth rate = -0.23% (as of 2023)

Unemployment rate = 6.18% (2023)

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Argentine International Relations (Foreign Policy) is a constantly evolving system mainly controlled by the Executive and Legislative Branches

The Executive branch ( the president) is the head of state and has the power to appoint and remove ambassadors and ministers, sign treaties, and make agreements with other states with the legislative branch's (the Senate) approval.

Argentina is a member of the United Nations and was one of its founding member states.

New Argentine president Javier Milei has created a new approach to foreign policy which differs greatly from its previous Authoritarian regimes.

President Milei proposed an "alignment with the liberal democracies of the world" with his new approach to foreign relations. His ideas are based on concepts of free trade between nations and the unrestricted defense of all liberal democracies.

Milei is also breaking and creating new foreign relations for Argentina. At the beginning of his presidency, President Zelinsky of Ukraine stated they would love to add Argentina to their formula for peace. This differs much from the actions of the previous Argentine president, Alberto Fernandez who had met with Russian leader Vladimir Putin, just a month before the invasion.

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Websites/ Documents

“Argentina Country Profile - National Geographic Kids.” Geography, National Geographic Kids, 10 Feb. 2021, kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/argentina.

“Argentina’s Foreign Policy: The Quest for New Alliances and Economic Reform.” Royal United Services Institute, 22 Dec. 2023, .rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/argentinas-foreign-policy-quewwwst-new-alliances-and-economic-reform.

“Argentina Geography.” CountryReports, www.countryreports.org/country/Argentina/geography.htm. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

“Argentina: Government.” >> globalEDGE: Your Source for Global Business Knowledge, globaledge.msu.edu/countries/argentina/government. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

“Argentina’s Struggle for Stability.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/argentinas-struggle-stability. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

“Argentina’s Parliament and Other Political Institutions: Think Tank: European Parliament.” Think Tank | European Parliament, www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2021)698047. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

“Chapter 1: Economic Inequality and Cost Burden.” TBF, www.tbf.org/news-and-insights/reports/2021/jun/greater-boston-housing-report-card-2021/gbhrc2021-chapter-1#:~:text=Pre%2Dpandemic%20Patterns.%20Income%20and%20wealth%20inequality%20rose,has%20seen%20little%20growth%20in%20real%20wages. https://www.masslegalservices.org/system/files/library/2024%20Federal%20Poverty%20Level%20Guidelines.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb. 2025.

Chemen, Sabrina. “School Dropouts: The Pandemic Which Does Not End.” Buenos Aires Times, BATimes Newspaper, 14 July 2023, www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/school-dropouts-the-pandemic-which-does-not-end.phtml#:~:text=Only%2053%20percent%20of%20students,de%20Argentinos%20por%20la%20Educaci%C3%B3n.

Gini Coefficient by Country 2025, worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gini-coefficient-by-country. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

Images/ Videos

Geography image

“Argentina.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 15 Apr. 2025, www.britannica.com/place/Argentina.

Government image

“Argentina: Government.” >> globalEDGE: Your Source for Global Business Knowledge, globaledge.msu.edu/countries/argentina/government. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

Political Economy image

“Argentina’s Struggle for Stability.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/argentinas-struggle-stability. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

YouTube video

YouTube, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQvCM3e1Z5o&t=24s. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.