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A proportional tax is a tax imposed so that the tax rate is fixed, with no change as the taxable base amount increases or decreases.

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A progressive tax involves a tax rate that increases (or progresses) as taxable income increases. It imposes a lower tax rate on low-income earners

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A regressive tax is a tax structure where the tax rate decreases as income increases, meaning lower-income individuals pay a larger percentage

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The benefit principle, in the context of taxation, dictactes that individuals should pay taxes proportionally to the benefits they recieve from public services

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The ability-to-pay principle of taxation suggests that the amount of tax an individual or organization pays should be relative to the amount they earn, as a means of easing the financial burden that taxes can create for low-income households

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What is the dollar value of all government revenue to date?

The US government has collected $2.26 trillion in revenue for the current fiscal year (FY 2025) to date

What is the largest category of income for the Federal Government?

The largest category of income for the Federal Government is individual income taxes

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What is the amount that the government has spent to date?

The U.S. federal government spent approximately $6.75 trillion in fiscal year 2024

What are the largest areas of spending for the federal government?

Social Security, Medicare, and National defense

What is the difference between Mandatory and Discretionary Spending?

Mandatory spending, often referred to as "direct spending," is dictated by existing laws, meaning Congress doesn't need to vote on it annually

Discretionary spending, on the other hand, is funded through an annual appropriations process, meaning Congress must vote each year to approve funding level

What is the largest area of non-defense spending for the Federal Government?

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Where does the State receive most of its funding?

a combination of taxes and federal funds

What percentage of the State Revenue for from General Tax sources?

In fiscal year 2021, taxes comprised approximately 50% of total state government revenue in the United States

What Sources of Revenue exist that are exclusive to the State level of government, compared to local governments?

State-level governments have exclusive revenue sources such as corporate income taxes, and potentially severance taxes on natural resources

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What areas of spending were the largest in the state budget? Provide the top 3 Categories.

Education,

Health and Human services

Public welfare

What percentage of money was spent on education?

approximately 5.6%

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Where does the Locality receive most of its funding? Provide the three largest categories

Property taxes,

Sales and Excise taxes

Income taxes

How much did Allendale earn through Taxes?

1.04% (couldn't find this)

What Sources of Revenue exist that are exclusive to the Local level of government, compared to State governments?

Local governments rely heavily on property taxes and user charges as their primary revenue sources, while state governments primarily collect revenue from income and sales taxes

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What areas of spending were the largest in the Local budget? Provide the top 3 Categories.

Education

Public welfare

Health/hospitals.

How much money was received by Allendale from the State Government?

The Town of Allendale received $4,991,625

What would likely be counted in the “Recreation and Culture” section of the local budget?

Expenses related to parks, libraries, museums, theaters, and other cultural institutions

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What similarities and differences are there between State and Local Sources of Revenue?

States generally rely more on sales and income taxes, while local governments heavily depend on property taxes

Both rely on intergovernmental transfers from the federal and state governments, as well as charges and miscellaneous revenue

What similarities and differences are there between State and Local Spending?

States and local governments provide different mixes of services, which are reflected in their direct general expenditures

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Fiscal policy refers to a government's use of spending and taxation to influence the economy, particularly to achieve macroeconomic goals like full employment, stable prices, and economic growth

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What are the key steps to the U.S. Budget Process?  Provide 5 key steps, beginning and ending with the President.

1. President Submits Budget Request

2. House and Senate Pass Budget Resolutions

3. House and Senate Create Appropriation Bills

4. House and Senate Vote on Appropriation Bills

5. President Signs Appropriations Bill

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Expansionary policy is a set of economic measures implemented by a government or central bank to stimulate economic growth and increase employment

Stimulus checks, infrastructure projects, and tax cuts

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A contractionary policy is an economic measure designed to slow down economic growth and reduce inflation by decreasing the overall supply of money and credit in the economy

Increasing interest rates, increasing bank reserve requirements, and selling government securities

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Some issues are potential inflation from expansionary policies, the risk of budget deficits, and the possibility of crowding out private investment

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 Definition and Image (How will you remember Monetary Policy)

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 Definition and Image (How will you remember Monetary Policy)

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Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by a nation's central bank to manage the money supply and credit conditions in order to influence the economy

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Open Market Operations (OMOs) refer to the Federal Reserve's (the Fed) buying and selling of government securities in the open market to influence the money supply and credit conditions in the economy, which ultimately affects interest rates

The Fed can purchase Treasury bonds from banks, injecting money into the system and increasing bank reserves

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Changes in the discount rate, set by the Federal Reserve (Fed), affect the cost of borrowing for banks

A higher discount rate lowers the present value of future cash flows, making investments appear less attractive

A lower discount rate increases the present value, making investments appear more attractive

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Changes in the reserve requirement refer to modifications made by a central bank, like the Federal Reserve in the US, to the percentage of deposits that banks must hold in reserve

Increasing the reserve requirement means banks must hold a larger percentage of their deposits in reserve, reducing the amount available for lending and thus decreasing the money supply

Lowering the reserve requirement allows banks to lend out more of their deposits, increasing the money supply

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FFR is used during coronary catheterization, often alongside a coronary angiogram, to guide treatment decisions, such as whether angioplasty or stenting is needed

Significantly influences banks' behavior by acting as a reservation rate

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It's difficult to fine-tune the economy precisely, with effects often delayed and variable