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Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system. They are responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, sending motor commands to our muscles, and transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.

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An Action Potential is a rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane with a characteristic pattern. It occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. This depolarization then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarize. Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell’s plasma membrane. These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the (negative) resting potential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold voltage.

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Synapses transmit signals between neurons using neurotransmitters. When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron's axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the next neuron, leading to changes in its membrane potential. If the signal is strong enough, the receiving neuron generates an action potential and continues the transmission of the signal.

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Neurotransmitters are your body’s chemical messengers. They carry messages from one nerve cell across a space to the next nerve, muscle, or gland cell. These messages help you move your limbs, feel sensations, keep your heart beating, and take in and respond to all information your body receives from other internal parts of your body and your environment.

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The membrane potential (also known as transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. It is established by differences in the concentrations of ions on opposite sides of a cellular membrane.

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The resting potential of a neuron, also known as the resting membrane potential, is the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the neuron is not firing. This is typically between -50 and -75 millivolts (mV), with the inside of the neuron being more negative than the outside.

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Depolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside. This shift from a negative to a more positive membrane potential occurs during several processes, including an action potential. The change in charge typically occurs due to an influx of sodium ions into a cell.

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The nervous system is the body's communication network, consisting of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It processes information, controls movements, and regulates bodily functions through electrical signals transmitted by neurons.

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These are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Myelination is the process of generating myelin, a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) pass along the axon. Myelin achieves this by eliciting saltatory conduction, where electrical impulses ‘jump’ along the axon, over long myelin sheaths, from one node of Ranvier to the next. Thus, information is passed around 100 times faster along a myelinated axon than a non-myelinated one. In the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves), myelination is formed by specialized glial cells called oligodendrocytes. In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by Schwann cells.

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Receptors are protein molecules that receive chemical signals from outside a cell.  When such a signal binds to a receptor, it causes some form of cellular/tissue response, such as a change in the electrical activity of a cell. There are two main types of receptors: intracellular receptors and cell-surface receptors.