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Pangaea was a Supercontinent that existed around 280 million years ago. The reason it was called a Supercontinent is because it was made up of the 7 continents that we know today. It didn't look like the world we see right now. It was more like big mountains kind of like the ones in Russia or really hot and sunny deserts like the Sahara. The reason it split into the 7 continents is because of the tectonic plates under the Earth's crust that were sliding and collapsing which is the same reason why Mount Everest grows 1 centimeter every year.

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Bering Strait Land Bridge - 40,000 Years Ago

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Bering Strait Land Bridge - 40,000 Years Ago

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You might think Leif Erickson or Christopher Columbus discovered America, but you're wrong! There were already people there when they arrived in America. And those people were the Indigenous! The Indigenous are called hunter-gatherers which like the name is hunting and gathering supplies. The Bering Strait was a bridge that connected the gap between Russia and Alaska so that the indigenous people could walk through without rafts or boats. Then there was an ice age that extended further south then it should've. Then the Indigenous used the ice to go around with their boats and reach America from Asia!

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Bjarni Herjolfsson lived in the 10th century. Herjolfsson was most likely the first European to discover the East Coast of North America. While sailing from Iceland to Greenland in 986 AD, Herjolfsson sighted lands that were later determined to be Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland. Though Bjarni never stepped in North America, Leif Erikson came back to where Bjarni was and established a settlement what he called Vinland.

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Leif Erikson was the first European to explore the East Coast of North America including areas that we are now apart of Arctic and Atlantic Canada. Leif was of the 3 sons born to Eric the Red.

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When most people think of Scandinavian countries like Norway, Sweden or Denmark they probably think of Ghastly, Vicious and Mean Vikings. But really they didn't do anything wrong because again, this was 1000 years ago. They didn't have the modern things that we have now. Viking children had it very tough. They had to learn to raid, trade, and how to sail the sea, and girls had to do housework, chores, and they had to work on farms. They did not go to school either so things were taught by stories. They played games like chess and tried to see who was stronger by throwing rocks farther than the other person. The babies were treated like kings and were given gifts. They did not have heaters to keep them cool in the winter so they had to build big walls to keep the air out. They had a hard time taking a bath too. They had to pour hot water on boulders to make steam like a sauna and used branches for drying then they ran around in the snow.

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We don't know when the Iroquois were in North America but we do know that they were there before the Europeans arrived and could've been up to a millennium ago. Two brothers Tadodaho and Hiawatha were arguing. They started war, but Hiawatha did not want war while Tahadaho refused to end it. Hiawatha brings a sign to the Peacemaker which was white beads surrounding purple beads and the white beads meant peace while the purple meant war. Then the peacemaker said "I like this, bring this to Tadodaho and try one more time." In the longhouse Jigonsaseh brought the five tribes together and fed them from the same pot, which was a sign of Peace. Constant arguing between Tadodaho and Hiawatha with the Peacemakers. Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, Mohawk, and Onondaga were the five tribes. Jigonsaseh finally knocked some sense into Tadodaho by making him realize what he's done by telling him that he should strike her. Then he was confused and refused. Then she said that he's not fighting her but fighting others in longhouses and thinking Ghastly thoughts of more arguing and fighting. Then Tadodaho finally realized what he did and begged forgiveness.

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Europeans discover North America - 600 years ago

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Europeans discover North America - 600 years ago

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Europeans accidentally stumbled upon North America when they were trying to find a water route to Asia to trade for silks and spices. The main countries travelling were Spain, France, Portugal and the United Kingdom. Many different First Nations peoples lived and travelled in North America for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived there. First Nations peoples and the ways of life were as diverse as the geography of this large land. Each nation lived in harmony with their surroundings, taking what they needed from the land to live.

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John Cabot was born in Italy at around 1450 as an Explorer who is known for discovering Newfoundland and playing an important part in the transatlantic trade between England and The Americas. Although he wasn't born in England, he led English ships on voyages of discovery of the Tudor times. He was an experienced seafarer who came to live in England during the reign of Henry the 7th. In 1497 he sailed west to hopefully find a shorter route to Asia because it was said to be in luxury with spices, gold, and other riches. A month later he found a ''newfoundland'' which is now NewFoundLand in Canada. He is credited for claiming North America for England and starting an English transatlantic exploration. He came to England because saw readings of Marco Polo which he hoped to find by sailing west across the Atlantic. He found it difficult to find backers to pay for the ships he needed to test out his ideas in the world with. King Henry the 7th paid for Cabot's expeditions because if he was right about the new route then not only would be be profited, King Henry the 7th would also take his share. Everybody believed that China and Japan were rich in gold, gems, spices and silks. If Asia had been where Cabot thought it was, it would have made England the greatest trading centre in the world for riches from the east. In 1497 King Henry gave a letter patent to John Cabot and his son, which authorized them to make voyages with discovery and return with goods to sell in the English market. He sailed in 1497 with a crew of about 18 men. His most successful expedition made landfall in North America but the exact area is unknown but it may have been southern Labrador.

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Jacques Cartier was a navigator who was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, France and died in 1557 in Saint-Malo, France. From 1532 to 1542 Jacques Cartier led three maritime expeditions to the interior of the gulf of the St.Lawrence river. In these expeditions he explored but more importantly accurately mapped for the first time the interior river, from the gulf of Montreal. He made three voyages before he returned to France. Jacques Cartier abducted 2 of the chief's sons before he left his first voyage. Stadacona and Hochelaga became the Lawrence river which we know today.

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Before the Europeans arrived in North America, the First Nations peoples traded each other for items they needed for example, the Wendat of the Great Lakes area traded the corn they grew for furs from their neighbours, the Kichesipirini. When the Europeans arrived the First nations traded North American goods for European goods. The Europeans were mostly interested in the Beaver fur, or pelts, which were valuable in Europe for making Beaver hats. The Fur Trade became more and more important to the Europeans. By the end of the 1500's, fur trading was the most important activity in North America. Trade led to exploration, settlement, and increasing contact between European and First Nation peoples. Originally, the European governments were interested in exploration in North America. They were especially interested in finding a route to Asia. However, merchants became more and more interested in North American goods. Beginning in the 1580's French Merchants started to send ships to North America just to trade for furs. As demand for fur grew in Europe, the French government began to realize how valuable the lands in North America might be. It began to create settlements in Acadia and along the St.Lawrence resources. In 1612, the French government gave Samuel de Champlain the responsibility of strengthening France's interests in North America. The government wanted him to create settlements, control and expand the Fur trade, look for mineral riches, and find a water route to China and India. When the Fur trade began, First Nations traders travelled to European trading posts to trade. Before long, some European traders began going to First Nations settlements to trade. These men were called "The Coureurs des bois", or "runners of the woods." They learned the languages and ways of the First Nations peoples. Some lived among the Wendat, Kichesipirini, and other First Nations peoples. They established close relationships and important trade ties. The Coureurs des bois are Canadians who were either born in Canada or a Frenchman who came to settle there. They are always young men in the prime of life for old age cannot endure the hardships of this occupation. Since all of Canada is a vast forest, it is impossible for them to travel by land. They travel by lake and river in canoes ordinarily occupied by three men. These are made of birchbark drawn over a frame of very light and thin cedar wood. Since a canoe cannot be made from a single sheet of bark, several pieces are sewn together with pine roots more flexible and lighter than willow. To prevent leaks, the seams are coated with a gum which First Nations people extract from Pine trees. First Nations Peoples, and especially the women, are excellent canoe makers. Few Canadians are successful. The Coureurs des bois themselves conduct their canoes using paddles made of hard, light wood. A canoe skillfully manned can cover 75 kilometres in one day in still waters and still faster in swift waters and rapids. When impassable cascades or waterfalls are encountered, the men put ashore, unload the bundles and transport them with the canoe on their backs and shoulders through the forest for a half kilometre up to 10 kilometers, until the cascades are left behind and the water becomes more navigable. This is called a portage. The French Merchants and coureurs des bois played an important role in early explorations of New France. However, they became an issue for the French government, which wanted to create settlements there. It believed that this was the only way to gain greater control of the land and trade in North America. The French Merchants who controlled the Fur trade were not interested in creating settlements. They believed settlements would get in the way of their trade. The French government took control of the Fur trade away from the Merchants, and sent a governor to New France to watch over the colony and the Fur trade. An Innu man described the importance of the Beaver; "The Beaver does everything perfectly well, it makes kettles, hatchets, swords, knives, bread; in short, it makes everything. The English have no sense, they give us twenty knives like this for one Beaver skin." The hunt for Beaver pelts brought many Europeans to Canada. They set up trading posts where they traded goods such as rifles, blankets, and iron tools for furs. Many young men were attracted to the way of life of fur trading. Many saw it as a life of adventure and freedom. The number of coureurs des bois grew quickly, making it difficult to control the Fur trade. As a growing number of coureurs des bois worked in the Fur trade, the governor of New France worried that too many young men were off trading, or "wood running," rather than having families and helping build the settlement. The governor passed a law to try to control the wood running. The law said that anyone who wanted to trade had to first get the governor's permission. The traders of New France who were given permission to trade called themselves voyageurs. Many coureurs des bois continued to trade without permission, but they could be punished, put in jail, or even hanged if they were caught. The voyageurs were often called adventurers and explorers, and they have become a symbol of the spirit of the fur trade. The voyageurs' life was difficult. They paddled large birchbark canoes on the waterways of northern and central Canada that became the highways of the fur trade. They had to be strong for the long days of paddling and to carry the large loads of fur. However, the voyageurs had a lovely spirit. They often sang songs to the rhythm of their paddles. Many of these were old songs from France. Today, you can still listen to recorded versions of these songs. In 1659, a coureur des bois named Pierre-Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law Medard Chouart des Groseilliers had an idea. They believed that it would be faster and cheaper to send ships into the Hudson Bay to collect furs rather than travelling the great distance down the St. Lawrence River to Montreal. Joseph Dion was a Metis man from the Onion Lake Reserve, Saskatchewan. His father was Metis and his mother was Cree. In his book, My Tribe the Crees, he described the trade that took place between his people and the Europeans. Many First Nations and Metis peoples became involved in the Fur trade. Some traded directly with the Europeans while others became "middlemen." Middlemen traded goods for the furs of other First Nations people who did not want to travel to the posts. They then took these furs to the trading posts, trading them to whichever European post offered the highest price. Other people provided food to traders. Food was often scarce, so it was very valuable. Sometimes trading posts hired First Nations and Metis hunters to supply food.

FUN FACTS

Did you know our flag is actually the beaver?

In the Seventeenth century everybody wanted a beaver hat.

Up to this day the Beaver is still striving in sales.

The fur trade was an organization to help the Europeans to trade with the indigenous people for beaver pelts

The two most important people in the Fur trade were the Europeans and the French

The Hudson bay trading company was founded in 1670 by the british

When the British and French stated to fight over who owned the Fur trade, they both had allies

England eventually got in control of the Fur trade

One million animals were killed for the Fur trade

The Beavers almost went extinct in the Sixteenth century.

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1) When did Samuel Champlain first return to Canada and map the St. Lawrence River? (He was the first European to do so since Jacques Cartier.) 1603

2) He had two choices on where to ultimately lead a settlement and colony, what were his choices? St.Lawrence and Acadia but he picked St.Lawrence over Acadia.
3) He was a cartographer and a diplomat before he became a lieutenant, what do those two jobs mean? A Cartographer draws maps and a Diplomat is a Representative
4) What are the four main indigenous groups that Champlain worked with. Montagnais,the nations on the Ottawa river, and the Huron of the Great Lakes.

5) Champlain survived two major scares after he started his colony, what were they? When Duval was executed as his head was stuck on a pike while the others were sent to France and When Champlain was sent to prison.

6) Today, Champlain is still honoured by having Lake Champlain named after him.

7)  Who took Champlain prisoner? The English

8) How did Champlain die and on what day did he die! He died on December 25, 1635 because he was paralyzed from a stroke and died on Christmas Day.

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In 1756, Great Britain and France went to war with each other.

The War started because France and Great Britain were fighting over control over the Fur Trade.

The British won the Seven-year war.

France didn't want New France in North America anymore because Great Britain owned it

Great Britain took over New france and Newfoundland after the seven-year war.

Great Britain was struggling against France in North America.

After sending more troops to North America, Great Britain eventually defeated France.

English is the main language in Canada because of Britain. French is the second language because of France.

In 1763, France and Britain signed the Treaty Of Paris to formally end the Seven-Year War.

The Seven-Year war was the first ever global war.

In North America, Britain and France fought each other with the help of other indigenous allies.

At the end of the War, France gave Canada Quebec, and Cape breton to Britain.

This is the reason Canada has a British Monarch but three founding people, Indigenous, French, and Britain.

This war was fought in Europe, India and North America.

In Europe, Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against France, Austria, Sweden, Saxony, Russia, and Spain.

In India and North America, Britain fought against France.

One of the main causes of the war was the competition between France and Britain for colonies and trade.

In North America, both France and Britain had Indigenous allies.

The French and their allies won some battles early in the war.

They won wars at Fort Oswego and at Fort William Henry.

For a while, France had complete control of the Great Lakes. In 1758, however, the British and their allies began to win the war.

That summer, the British captured Cape Breton.

The French fort at Cape Breton had prevented the British from entering the St.Lawrence river. Now the British could sail down and attack Quebec.

In August 1758, the British also destroyed fort Frontenac.

In January 1959, the British Navy captured the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean.

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Years 1775 - 1783: War of Independence AKA the American Revolution

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Years 1775 - 1783: War of Independence AKA the American Revolution

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Beginning in the 1600's groups of people from England and the other countries moved to North America to start a new life and they formed colonies. In 1763, Great Britain controlled a large part of eastern North America. In 1775 at the start of the American revolution, rebel forces invaded Canada, occupying Montreal and attacking the town of Quebec. American privateers also raided Atlantic ports, and revolutionary sympathizers in Nova Scotia attempted a rebellion in that colony. Although the rebel forces were defeated in Canada, the 13 American colonies won their war for independence from Britain, sparking another kind of invasion, a wave of Loyalist emigration that would change the makeup of Canada.

The end of the Seven-years' War was one of the causes leading to the American Revolution. With the treaty of Paris of 1763, France formally ceded New France to the British, and largely withdrew from the continent. The removal of France as a North American power gave Anglo-American colonists greater confidence, as they no longer needed the protection of the British military. In addition, the costs of the war led the British Government to impose new taxes on its American colonists, which was met with great dissatisfaction.

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The war of 1812 was fought between America and Great Britain. It was only 29 years after the American revolution war. It was the first time America got to fight someone stronger. The British made Americans join their army even though they were not born there. They also attacked American settlers on their land. The British fought France in the early 1800's. The British tried to stop America from trading with France. The British Royal Navy also took seamen without permission, from U.S. ships and made them work for them. Congress said that they would stop this, so they declared war on Great Britain. This is why some people call it the second war of independence. It was difficult to trade with both France and Britain. Neither of them accepted the U.S's right to trade with each other. So they punished ships for doing so. But by 1810, some Americans started moving towards being friends with France instead of just being neutral between England and France. The war happened because some Americans thought that Britain was making problems on the frontier, where Native Americans lived.

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The revolution put many Americans who wanted to stay loyal to Britain in a difficult position. Many refused to take part in the rebellion. Some even joined the British army to fight the Americans. They called themselves "The King's Friend" or Loyalists. The Americans saw the Loyalists as traitors. It became unsafe for Loyalists in the Thirteen colonies. Thousands fled. When the Americans won the war, the thirteen colonies became the United States. The Loyalists were not welcomed back. Britain, however, rewarded them for their loyalty by giving each family land and tools to help them settle in the British territory to the north. Much of this land was in settlements that used to be the homes of the Acadians

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Between 1815 and 1850, British North America underwent an important demographic change as waves of people began to leave Britain seeking better lives. Britain's colonies provided places for people to move and start over. Britain encouraged emigration as a way to relieve its economic troubles, and to reinforce loyalty to Britain in its colonies. People left Britain for economic reasons. Many had lost their livelihoods during the Industrial Revolution, as machines replaced their jobs. Many had lost their farms, as large landowners bought up small farms. A major conflict, the Napoleonic Wars, ended in 1815, causing an economic slowdown and more unemployment. In 1840, a famine hit Ireland, forcing many people to live.

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year 1810- 1850: The Underground Railroad 

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year 1810- 1850: The Underground Railroad 

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The Underground Railroad was a group of abolitionists who wanted to remove slavery. Abolitionists mean people who want to abolish something. They helped African-Americans to escape from enslavement in America. It brought 30 - 40 thousand people to Canada and saved them from slavery. Although it was made in the early 19th century, the name "Underground Railroad" was used a lot in the 1830s. "Conductors was what they called the people working in the Underground Railroad as a code name. You could tell that it was a station if you saw a station master, and they would give you food and money before transporting you to the next station. Some bounty hunters were looking for an escaped boy named Joseph Alexander. He escaped capture because people refused to let them capture the little boy and they had no choice but to leave. A famous conductor of the Underground Railroad was a woman named Harriet Tubman. Her real name was Araminta Ross. Other than being a conductor she was also a scout, spy, and nurse. She never learned to read or write, but she was very smart. Sadly, when she escaped, she left her husband behind.

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The constitution act, in 1867, was originally known as the British North America act - (BNA). It was the law passed by the British Parliament on March 29, 1867 to create the dominion of Canada. It came into effect on July 1st, 1867. The act is the foundational document of Canada's Constitution. It outlines the structure of government in Canada and the distribution of powers between the central Parliament and the provincial legislatures. It was renamed the Constitution act, 1867 with the patriation of the constitution in 1982. The BNA act provided for the confederation of the three of the five British North American colonies into a federal state with a parliamentary system modelled on that of Britain. the three colonies were Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada (divided into Ontario and Quebec). Rupert's land was acquired in 1870. Much of that region became Canada's first territory, the Northwest Territories, which was established in 1870. Six provinces have been added to the original four. Manitoba in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island on 1873, Alberta in 1905, Saskatchewan in 1905 and Newfoundland in 1949. Two more Territories were also added. Yukon in 1898, and Nunavut in 1999. The constitutional act does not contain the entire Constitution of Canada. The act is complemented by British and Canadian statues that have the constitutional effect as well as certain unwritten principles known as constitutional conventions. These include the power vested in the Crown to dissolve Parliament and call a general election. They are usually exercised on the advice of the prime minister. The act outlines the distribution of powers between the central Parliament and the provincial legislatures. For example, section 91 gives Parliament jurisdiction over areas such as banking, interest, criminal law, the postal system, and the armed forces. It also gives the federal government power over "Indian lands reserved for the Indians." Section 92 gives the provinces jurisdiction over areas such as property, most contracts and torts, local works, and undertaking businesses.