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Rooted in a framework surrounding “the human being or individual within security concerns that are understood from a state-centric viewpoint” (Gastélum 2024)

Rooted in issues that “impose hardships and undercut prospects for peace stability and sustainable development” (United Nations 2024)

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“Affordable Care Act (ACA).” HealthCare.Gov, 2024, www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/.

Anand, Sudhir. “Human Security and Universal Health Insurance.” Lancet (London, England), U.S. National Library of Medicine, 7 Jan. 2012, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7137845/#:~:text=The%20concept%20of%20human%20security%20has%20wide%20reach%20and%20includes,all%20is%20an%20essential%20requirement.

Gastélum, Y. (2024). Human Insecurity. Lecture, POLI 140: Contemporary International       Politics. San Diego Miramar College. Retrieved November 13, 2024.

Lunna Lopes, Alex Montero. “Americans’ Challenges with Health Care Costs.” KFF, 7 May 2024, www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/americans-challenges-with-health-care-costs/.

“National Health Authority.” NHA, nha.gov.in/PM-JAY. Accessed 8 Dec. 2024.

Piccone, Ted. “Democracy and Human Security.” Brookings, 9 Mar. 2017, www.brookings.edu/articles/democracy-and-human-security/.

Tikkanen, Roosa. “India | International Health Care System Profiles | Commonwealth Fund.” The Commonwealth Fund, 2020, www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/india.

Tikkanen, Roosa. “Germany | International Health Care System Profiles | Commonwealth Fund.” The Commonwealth Fund, 2020, www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/germany.

United Nations. (n.d.-b). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/about-     us/universal-declaration-of-human          rights#:~:text=Article%2026,on%20the%20basis%20of%20merit.

United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (n.d.-b). What is Human Rights? https://www.un.org/humansecurity/what-is-     human-security/

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On December 4th, 2024, Chief Executive Officer of UnitedHealth, Brian Robert Thompson was assassinated in Midtown, New York. UnitedHealth Group is a healthcare insurance company based in the United States.

Thompson's death has been met with significant controversy and ignominy. While many have offered condolences surrounding Thompson's murder, more have shown support for the assailant. The former CEO's death has highlighted a rage many have felt towards the American Health Care system; many believe that the commodification and commercialization of health care has been to benefit millionaires like Thompson at the expense of thousands of work-class citizens unable to sustain themselves through health-care financial burdens. Therefore, many believe Thompson's death is minimal compared to the amount of people who have died as a response to patients denied of health care.

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How the Brian Thompson shooting unfolded

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"One in four adults say that in the past 12 months they have skipped or postponed getting health care they needed because of the cost. Notably six in ten uninsured adults (61%) say they went without needed care because of the cost." (KFF 2024)

About four in ten adults (41%) report having debt due to medical or dental bills including debts owed to credit cards, collections agencies, family and friends, banks, and other lenders to pay for their health care costs, with disproportionate shares of Black and Hispanic adults, women, parents, those with low incomes, and uninsured adults saying they have health care debt. (ibid)

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Response to Health Care Crisis | America

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Response to Health Care Crisis | America

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The implementation and expansion of the Affordable Care Act. "The law provides consumers with subsidies (the “premium tax credit”) that lower costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the

federal poverty level

(FPL)." (HealthCare.gov 2024)

The implementation and expansion of Medicare and Medicaid. Representatives of Anthem Blue Shield write, "Medicare provides health coverage to those older than 65 and to some younger individuals with certain disabilities, at any income level. Medicaid provides health coverage for people with low incomes." (ABS 2024)

America's efforts towards the human security issue of health care can be considered subpar because it is solely reliant on the efforts of private corportations. The complicated health care industry—dependent on the efforts of private companies—places restrictions and limitations on universal access and equitable outcomes.

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Authors Roosa Tikkanen, Robin Osborn, Elias Mossialos, Ana Djordjevic, George A. Wharton suggest, "Health insurance is provided by two subsystems: statutory health insurance (SHI), consisting of competing, not-for-profit, nongovernmental health insurance plans known as sickness funds; and private health insurance." (Tikkanen 2020)

Irregardless of source of insurance, "sickness funds and private health insurers, as well as long-term care insurers, use the same providers. In other words, hospitals and physicians treat all patients regardless of whether they have SHI or private insurance.: (ibid)

Germany's efforts towards the human security issue of health care can be considered one of the better national efforts because it is not solely reliant on private businesses. Irregardless of private or public insurances, all patients receive care from the same providers providing more equitable and equal outcomes for patients.

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Writers of The Commonwealth Fund aver, "The constitution of India obliges the government to ensure the “right to health” for all.¹ Each state is required to provide free universal access to health care services. However, health care in India has been chronically underfunded." (Tikkanen 2020)

India implemented and made efforts towards Ayushman Bharat.

The National Health Authority of India writes, "Ayushman Bharat, a flagship scheme of Government of India, was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This initiative has been designed to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its underlining commitment, which is to "leave no one behind." (NHA 2024)

Despite India's claim of siginificant efforts towards reasonable health care, the means have not matched the message. The National Health Account states, "India's Total Health Expenditure (THE) was estimated at Rs. 7,39,327 crores, representing 3.73% of the GDP, with per capita spending of Rs. 5,436 in 2020-21." (NHA 2022). India illustrates a poor response to the issue of human security issue of health care.

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Ted Piccone of Brookings Institute writes...

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Ted Piccone of Brookings Institute writes...

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Human security (defined here as access to a minimum threshold of food, water, health care, shelter, education, and work) diverges from traditional notions of national or territorial security by placing the primary focus on the individual’s freedom from want rather than a preoccupation with freedom from fear. (Piccone 2017)

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Sudhir Ananda of The National Library of Medicine writes his text "Human Security and Universal Health Insurance", "The concept of human security has wide reach and includes multiple concerns. A major concern is protection of people's health, for which comprehensive health coverage for all is an essential requirement. Universal health insurance thus contributes directly to furthering human security." (Ananda 2011).