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Confucius was born in Qufu, State of Lu (modern-day Shandong Province). Born into a noble but declined family, young Confucius showed early interest in learning and rituals. His birth name was Kong Qiu, and he would later be known as Kung Fuzi (Master Kong) to his followers.

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As a young man, Confucius worked as a minor official in Lu, managing storehouses and livestock. Here, he began developing his ideas about proper governance and moral leadership. He believed that rulers should lead by example and moral virtue rather than force.

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Confucius traveled to Luoyang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty. This journey was crucial as it allowed him to study ancient Zhou rituals and customs, which greatly influenced his teaching. He believed the Zhou Dynasty represented the ideal social and political order.

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Appointed as the Minister of Justice in Lu, Confucius implemented his philosophical ideas in governance. His success in reducing crime and corruption through moral education and fair administration became legendary. However, neighboring states became worried about Lu's growing strength.

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Forced to leave Lu due to political intrigue, Confucius began a 13-year journey through various Chinese states. During this time, he spread his teachings and gained followers. He taught the importance of ren (benevolence), yi (righteousness), and li (proper conduct).

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Confucius returned to his home state of Lu in his late 60s. Here, he focused on teaching and completing his literary work, including the editing of the Five Classics. His school attracted numerous students who helped spread his philosophy throughout China.

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Confucius died in Qufu. His tomb became a major site of pilgrimage. His philosophical teachings were later collected in the Analects by his followers and became the foundation of Chinese imperial education for over 2,000 years.

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Emperor Wu of Han officially made Confucianism the state doctrine. The Temple of Confucius in Qufu was expanded, and Confucian scholars were appointed to high government positions. This marked the beginning of Confucianism's dominant influence on Chinese society.