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On page one where it says, "The hat was new and had cost her seven dollars and

a half. She kept saying, “Maybe I shouldn't have paid that for it. No, I shouldn't have. I'll take it off and return it tomorrow. I shouldn't have bought it.”

Julian raised his eyes to heaven. “Yes, you should have bought it,” he said. “Put it on

and let's go.” It was a hideous hat." This quote talking about the hat is irrelevant toward the rest of the text. However this quote in particular shows the reader who the characters are with dialogue. This shows that the Mom is indecisive and Julian is impatient and irritated. This is helpful on page one so that the readers understand a part of the characters identity.

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On page two, Julian's mother uses the allusion; "You've only been out of school for a year. Rome wasn't built in a day.", to emphasize that success takes time. Time is a major factor when considering how sufficient results are produced. The allusion of Rome suggests that the longer something takes, the more effective or valuable it may be in the future. Rome was built in over 800 years, but resulted in a supreme and powerful empire. Julian's mother highlights the importance of time and how it influences the quality of certain outcomes.

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At the end of page 2 Quote“ Will you look around you,” he said tensely, “and see where you are now?” and he

swept his arm jerkily out to indicate the neighborhood, which the growing darkness at

least made less dingy.

“You remain what you are,” she said. “Your great-grand-father had a plantation and

two hundred slaves.”

“There are no more slaves,” he said irritably. This part of the reading helps us understand that the mother is racist and is using her heritage in a sense that makes it feel like she is bragging almost. She uses this to show how well the rest of her family was and compared that to her son Julian. This shows the culture that she grew up with and how Julian was influenced by it.

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Julian's mother is portrayed as a woman stuck in the past with discriminatory views towards race. However, Julian is depicted as a more progressive individual, even though his outlook on different ethnic groups is not much better than his mother's. On the bottom of page two, Julian and his mother have a conversation about slaves saying; '“There are no more slaves,” he said irritably.“They were better off when they were,”'. This represents Julian's and his mother's perspective by sharing their controversial beliefs.

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On page six quote "He would have liked to get in conversation with the Negro and to talk with him about

art or politics or any subject that would be above the comprehension of those around

them, but the man remained entrenched behind his paper. He was either ignoring the

change of seating or had never noticed it. There was no way for Julian to convey his

sympathy." In this quote the word negro is used as if I understand how Julian feels towards African Americans. In any other passage they could simply say African American however in the text they specify the use of negro as if I'm reading from Julians perspective with his choice of words.

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On page 4 Quote "Rolling his eyes upward, he put his tie back on. “Restored to my class,” he muttered.

He thrust his face toward her and hissed, “True culture is in the mind, the mind,” he said,

and tapped his head, “the mind.” This quote is creative because The reader is able to visualize and understand that Julian is belittling his mother even though it does not say that. The reader is able to understand the creativity presented by the author and the reader is able to percieve this creativity.

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On page ten quote "dashed forward and fell at her side, crying, “Mamma, Mamma!” He turned her over. Her

face was fiercely distorted. One eye, large and staring, moved slightly to the left as if it

had become unmoored." Represents transformation. Throughout the passage both the mother and Julian argued yet here at the end when the mother died he is filled with sorrow and regret and a bit of guilt. This represents change with Julian showing the concept of transformation.

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On page seven quote "One morning he had sat down next to a

distinguished-looking dark brown man who had answered his questions with a sonorous

solemnity but who had turned out to be an undertaker. Another day he had sat down

beside a cigar-smoking Negro with a diamond ring on his finger, but after a few stilted

pleasantries, the Negro had rung the buzzer and risen, slipping two lottery tickets into

Julian's hand as he climbed over him to leave." This quote shows only one of many sentences showing how Julian describes the African Americans. The way the man is described shows Julians point of view on African Americans and can represent how people during that time felt towards African Americans.

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On page four quote "“I reckon it might could,” the woman with the protruding teeth said, “but I know for a

fact my apartment couldn’t get no hotter.”

“It must get the afternoon sun, " his mother said. She sat forward and looked up and

down the bus. It was half filled. Everybody was white. “I see we have the bus to

ourselves,” she said. Julian cringed." The way the author makes people talk shows us how someones talking. Its almost as if I can understand how they are saying it. I also notice throughout dialogue at the end the author rights how the character spoke or if they had a reaction. For instance in this example the author wrote that Julian cringed. This helps the reader understand the characters emotion through communication.

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In the text on page 2 where it says, "Most of them in it are not our kind of people," she said, "but I can be gracious to anybody. I know who I am." This quote shows how she talks about herself and refers to herself as. She is explaining she is gracious to anyone regardless of the negative feelings she has toward the class under them (Black people).

I think this also ties to her perceptions of society and racial equality. This shapes her identity because identity can be shaped through beliefs, values, culture, society and life experiences.

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In the beginning of Everything That Rises Must Converge, Julian communicates to his mother in harsh and bitter tones. On page two, Julian exclaims; '"Shut up and enjoy it,"' when referring to the hat that she is hesitant about wearing. On page four, Julian says irritably; '“Nobody in the damn bus cares who you are.”'. Julian has a slight outburst when his mother repeatedly states that she is ashamed of him for not knowing who he is. This shows the dynamic of their conversations and their overall relationship with each other. Flannery O'Conner communicates to the reader through Julian and his mother's relationship, by illustrating that Julian doesn't see his mother as a leading role model that deserves his respect.

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In this short story, Everything That Rises Must Converge, Flannery O'Conner focuses the readers' attention on situations that have happened in reality. These specific interactions may not have actually happened according to the level of accuracy of characters, but the author uses a well-known global issue that has oppressed a group of people for many years, in order to convey her message. Page four declares; '“I see we have the bus to ourselves,” she said. Julian cringed.

“For a change,” said the woman across the aisle, the owner of the red and white canvas sandals. “I come on one the other day and they were thick as fleas - up front and all through.”' Flannery O'Conner includes this conversation between Julian's mother and another white woman on the bus to emphasize how single-minded some people were about the integration of black Americans, which influences how the rest of the story unfolds.

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Flannery O'Conner shares a world view of the south during the time of slavery and segregation. O'Conner feels passionately about the topic of justice and equal rights for all. Her identity is represented through the differences in generational conflicts and how that plays a role in the development of individual identity. O'Conner believes that identity is not formulated when a person is born, but instead, it builds off of their own opinions, actions and choices. On page four Julian repeats; '“True culture is in the mind, the mind,” he said, and tapped his head, “the mind.”' The repetition of the phrase "the mind", exhibits O'Conner's personal belief that true identity reflects previously learned practices.

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Culture is displayed in numerous ways throughout the short story; Everything That Rises Must Converge. On page four, Julian's mother claims; '“It's ridiculous. It's simply not realistic. They should rise, yes, but on their own side of the fence.”' Julian's mother was raised to promote racial degradation; and therefore, carried that belief through her adulthood and refused to change. In order to fully comprehend the meaning of the text, the reader must understand that Julian's mother is biased towards segregation and opposes the integration of black Americans in society.

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On page 4, "True culture is in the mind, the mind" he said, and tapped his head, "the mind." Throughout the story culture is used through Julian's mother's racist beliefs and Julian's liberal views on race. In this quote I think he meant culture isn't something someone is born into, but can be a choice. Culture can be considered a choice because it is a reflection of people's choices which are shaped by shared values and beliefs.

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The author uses her creativity when conjuring up the way that Julian's mother suddenly dies from a stroke. On page ten, Flannery O'Conner writes; "Her face was fiercely distorted. One eye, large and staring, moved slightly to the left as if it

had become unmoored. The other remained fixed on him, raked his face again, found nothing and closed." Throughout the short story, Julian pushes back on his mother' and constantly talks back to her. O'Conner mentions that Julian's mother has high blood pressure and foreshadows her death multiple times before it actually happens. Julian's mother's blood pressure had been gradually rising while Julian was shaming her, and when the woman slapped her, it pushed her past her tipping point. O'Conner was very creative with Julian's mother's stroke death because it was unexpected and abrupt.

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One page 10 where it says, ”You needn’t act as if the world had come to an end,” he aid, “because it hasn’t. From now on you’ve got to live in a new world and face a few realities for a change. Buck up,”he said, “it won't kill you.” This quote shows Julian's strong emotion towards his mother's beliefs. Julian wants her to realize she isn't in the past anymore and things have changed. He doesn't want her to keep living in the past because of her beliefs that she keeps believing in. Communication is used to show how biases can cause people to isolate people from reality.

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At the end of page 2 where it says, “It's ridiculous. It's simply not realistic. They should rise, yes, but on their own side of the fence.” Julian's mother believes African Americans should only rise on their "own side of the fence", meaning they should succeed within their group (black people) without taking advantage of another group's opportunities (white people). This shows Julian's mom's racist beliefs and her discriminatory thoughts and opinions towards African Americans. At the beginning of page 3 where it says,“Let's skip it,” Julian said. “The ones I feel sorry for,” she said, “are the ones that are half white. They're tragic.” “Will you skip it?”

“Suppose we were half white. We would certainly have mixed feelings.” “I have mixed feelings now,” he groaned. This shows that Julian does not support his mother's discriminatory beliefs because he is getting annoyed about how she views African Americans. This results in Julian's perspective to differ from his mother's.

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On page 8 where it says, "The vision of the two hats, identical, broke upon him with the radiance of a brilliant sunrise. His face was suddenly lit with joy. He could not believe that Fate had thrust upon his mother such a lesson." I think the same identical hats symbolize that there will be equality between white people and African Americans. This forces Julian's mother to realize that she is not superior to anyone and, force her to stop believing in her "outdated" beliefs.

On page 9 where it says, “Oh little boy!” Julian's mother called and took a few quick steps and caught up with them just beyond the lamppost. “Here’s a bright new penny for you." When Julian's mother wants to give Carver a penny it symbolizes her patronizing attitude towards African Americans. This causes her to learn her "lesson" and change her beliefs that she refused to change growing up.

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On page 10 where it says, "The tide of darkness seemed to sweep him back to her, postponing from moment to moment his entry into the world of guilt and sorrow." The author uses creativity when explaining how Julian felt after she dies. Throughout the story Julian and his mother didn't have the best relationship and I thought that he felt drawn closer to his mother after she had her stroke. The author describes his guilt and sorrow really well, I felt like I could put myself in his shoes and see it happen. He feels like he has no control over the guilt and sadness that he feels is taking over him. After reading I got "the time with your loved ones is limited so enjoy it." I thought that was creative.

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On page 1 where it says, "It occurred to him that it was he, not she, who could have appreciated it." This represents that he is ungrateful for the sacrifices his mother has done for him. He shows a lack of sympathy towards his mother.

On page 10 where it says, "The old manners are obsolete and your graciousness is not worth a damn.” He thought bitterly of the house that had been lost for him. “You aren’t

who you think you are,” he said. Julian's aspects reflect on the way his mother raised him and who she is. This shows that representation is influenced by culture and identity by understanding what the author is trying to say.