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Landlocked countries often find it more difficult to trade due to having to cooperate with the countries surrounding them, this can limit their development and chances of trade with other countries. It can also lead to larger dispute over money, for example from January 2012 to march 2013, there was a large dispute over the amount of money South Sudan had to pay north Sudan to move its crude oil through north Sudans pipe line.

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The development of countries are often linked with past historical events including colonialism conflict. wars can also cause disruption in the development of countries. By destroying infrastructure, services and also causing a catastrophic loss in population.

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crops cannot grow well without water at the right time of the year. By using technology like pumps and irrigation systems increases yields. In Ethiopia after the famines in the 1970's and 1980's, water conservation techniques such as drip-feeding made food supply more reliable. Indian farmers only get high yields if enough monsoon rain falls between June and September.

Climate change is a threat to food production in many countries, particularly those in drier and warmer parts of the world. Wheat is a staple crop grown around the world but it is sensitive to heat. It is estimated that because of global warming, wheat yields could drop by 2 per cent every decade. Declining crop yields mean that food prices rise, which can lead to poverty and political instability.

Tropical regions suffer more climate-related diseases than temperate zones. Ebola is a recent disease which can kill; malaria is debilitating, meaning people have little energy to earn a living.

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Hurricanes destroy crops and livestock as well as infrastructure necessary for growth and trade, like airports. With 3 million people affected (220000 deaths; 300 000 injuries; 1. 3 million homeless; several collapsed hospitals reducing aid capacity; businesses destroyed; airport, ports and roads damaged), the country's development was set back decades. Countries like Haiti are already burdened by an enormous amount of debt to global financial institutions.

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Development needs a workforce sufficiently educated to be literate to the level of a young teenager in the UK. Almost every young child goes to school, but secondary education means paying fees. school is expensive and so most families cannot afford for their children to go.

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Efficient trade requires infrastructure, which poor countries lack because it is costly. Global trade policydoes not favor the poor.The country from which you buy the goods can impose tariffs onthe importedgoods, making them more expensive. Poor countriestend to export commodities at low prices. Richcountries processthem, add value and make a profit. .

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Not all countries are governed efficiently and not all politiciansare completely honest. Corrupt public officials sometimes put development money into their own pockets (that is, they take the public money themselves).Transparency International, an organization that publishes the Corruption Perceptions Index each year, ranks countries in terms of perceived corruption in the public sector. In 2015, Denmark ranked 1st (least corrupted)and Somalia ranked 167th (most corrupted).
China is Africa's largest investor and largest trading partner, with  $163.9 billion inflow in 2012. This mainly concerns infrastructure projects such as oil pipelines, mining, telecommunications, transportation ,construction and energy projects in Sudan. Most of the profits go abroad.