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Pink- Geological time periods
Purple-Appearance of anything
Green- Mass Extinctions
Orange- Ice Ages

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4.6 BYA~Beginning of Solar System/ Beginning of Precambrian(4.6 BY-570 My)/ Pre-Archean(4.6-3.6 BY)

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4.6 BYA~Beginning of Solar System/ Beginning of Precambrian(4.6 BY-570 My)/ Pre-Archean(4.6-3.6 BY)

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The Precambrian lasted about 4 billion years. The Solar System formed through 4 phases: Spinning, flattening, planetesimals, planets. It begins with a large cloud of dust and gas creating an interstellar cloud in the area which then clumps together due to gravity to form a protostar. The cloud spins and is pulled to the center making a flat disk; this process leads to planetesimals being created. The Planetesimals eventually collide as they spin. Ultimately, the remaining dust and gas got pushed to the center as they spun to the center and left the planets behind forming a spinning solar system.

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The earth is made up of 3 main layers:crust, mantle, and core. Earth's original atmosphere was formed from the release of gasses brought to earth by meteorites and comets. Earth's second atmosphere came from earth itself and was mostly composed of water and carbon dioxide. It was from comets and volcanic outgassing. Around that time earth mostly consisted of H20, C02 and ammonia(a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen).

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During the Archean Eon important foundations for Earth appeared and were created; things like cyanobacteria and oxygen.

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Between 3.8 and 3.5 BYA cyanobacteria appeared

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Between 3.8 and 3.5 BYA cyanobacteria appeared

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Cyanobacteria is a blue-green algae that is known to be found in Western Australia. Cyanobacteria is not actually algae but is prokaryotic. Cyanobacteria thrived in cold, hot, acidic, or alkaline environments. Cyanobacteria plays an important role in many of Earth's creations. One being the creation of oxygen.

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3.5 BYA~Appearance of Oxygen in the Atmosphere 

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3.5 BYA~Appearance of Oxygen in the Atmosphere 

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There was no oxygen in the atmosphere up until 3.5 BYA but it was produced first by photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that used the C02 in the atmosphere and emitted oxygen as waste to the oceans. As oxygen was being created it was also being absorbed by iron that was dissolved in the ocean, but,  once this iron was fully dissolved, it began to emit oxygen into the atmosphere.

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During this eon many changes occurred on Earth. From  an ice age to the first multicellular organism appearing. One example being invertebrates.

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One of the longest ice ages in earth's history which is thought to be caused due to a lack of volcanic activity which lowered the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

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1.2 BYA~ Appearance of Multicellular Organisms

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1.2 BYA~ Appearance of Multicellular Organisms

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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes can be multicellular and the first multicellular organism are most likely prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Multicellular life is said to have evolved more than one time, one time through plants and one time through animals. There are little remains of early multicellular life as they were soft bodied and couldn’t fossilize well.

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Fungi are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are called heterotrophs(cannot produce its own food). They can’t make their own food and don’t go through an embryo stage. There are sexual and asexual fungi when it comes to reproduction.

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850-635 MYA~Beginning of the Cryogenian Ice Age

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850-635 MYA~Beginning of the Cryogenian Ice Age

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It is possible that the ice sheets formed during the ice age reached all the way to the equator and scientists sometimes like to call it snowball earth. This ice age is said to be caused by volcanic activity that also broke a supercontinent.

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This is what people like to describe the Cryogenian Ice Age as. The Ice reached all the way to the center of the equator and has reached bizarre temperatures like negative 50 degrees celsius. The reasoning is due to volcanoes. Snowball Earth is said to have occurred twice by scientists.

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Invertebrates are arthropods and basically lack a backbone. Due to this, they are soft bodies or have a shell. An example of an invertebrates are Ammonites.

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The ozone layer was formed when ultraviolet light split oxygen molecules. The creation of the ozone layer was very positively impactful as it served as a trap to collect oxygen in the atmosphere. The ozone layer also protected organisms from strong UV radiation allowing life to thrive and evolve on Earth.

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570 MYA~Beginning of Cambrian Period(570-500 MY), Paleozoic Era(570-240 MY), and Phanerozoic Eon(570 MYA-now)          

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570 MYA~Beginning of Cambrian Period(570-500 MY), Paleozoic Era(570-240 MY), and Phanerozoic Eon(570 MYA-now)          

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During the Cambrian period vertebrates appeared. And during the Phanerozoic Eon and Paleozoic Era, more ice ages occurred and many forms of life appeared.

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550 MYA~Appearance of the First Vertebrates

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550 MYA~Appearance of the First Vertebrates

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The first vertebrates could be considered amphibians. Vertebrates unlike invertebrates have a backbone and a notochord which develops into the spine. For fish, the two lower arches develop into gills and the upper three arches develop into the face, jaws, and ears.

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This period follows another ice age followed by a series of plate collisions and a mass extinction that affected the marine life.

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The third ice age in which volcanic activity and mountain building causes C02 levels to plummet which chilled the temperature of the planet.

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Lasted about 10 years and 85% marine species became extinct because of dramatic fluctuations in sea level.  During this time period, organisms like Bryozoan and Brachiopods went extinct.

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435-410 MYA~Beginning of Silurian Period

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435-410 MYA~Beginning of Silurian Period

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During this time period the first land plants and animals evolved within a good environment due to the protection from the ozone layer. It’s also a  gateway for the evolution of different animals and plants.

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As the Ozone layer laid a good foundation for Oxygen absorption and UV radiation  protection, it allowed organisms to start being able to thrive on Earth. These first animals were usually worm-like organisms.

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Similar to the first animals,a good environment was necessary to thrive. Since there was a good environment, plants like mosses and non-deep rooted plants thrived and developed during this time.

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During this time period there was another mass extinction which impacted marine life on Earth. Plants also evolved into different plants widening the spectrum of different plants.

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Lasted about 200,000 years and 83% of marine species went extinct because of global cooling and loss of oxygen in the oceans. This extinction only affected marine life, specifically placoderms.

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This period was a time when amphibians came into Earth and another ice age occurred.

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This ice age lasted 100 years and is named after the glacial tills in Karoo, South Africa where scientists think were being developed during the ice age. Many large ice sheets formed on Earth’s surface.

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Amphibians are smooth-skinned organisms including frogs and toads. Amphibians were able to survive on land because of the way they developed structural changes in their bodies. They absorb oxygen through their lungs and were able to walk due to how strong the bones behind their heads were; these bones provided a strong base for their limbs to work against.

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Reptiles evolved from limbed vertebrates near swamps. The first reptile was called Hylonomus and lived in swamps and ate small invertebrates.

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330-290 MYA~ Beginning of Pennsylvanian Period 

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330-290 MYA~ Beginning of Pennsylvanian Period 

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An important period of time when insects evolved in which they play an important role in being part of the biological foundation for life(survival, photosynthesis etc.)

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Insects are known to have evolved in coastal or marine habitats and then eventually came to land. More evidence of fossils came around 60 million years later.

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There was a major extinction for a couple million years and earth's crustal plates also formed a huge continent.

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This extinction lasted 10-15 million years and 90% of all life went extinct due to release of powerful climate change gas, asteroid or comet impacts, and severe volcanic activity. This extinction can also be called the “Great Die Off.”

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240 MYA~ Beginning of Triassic Period(240-205)/Beginning of Mesozoic Era(240-66 MYA)

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240 MYA~ Beginning of Triassic Period(240-205)/Beginning of Mesozoic Era(240-66 MYA)

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Many more forms of life evolved, one well known animal being dinosaurs. During the era, many more forms of life evolved.

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Dinosaurs arose from dinosauromorpha ancestors during the end of the Triassic Period and around the beginning of the Jurrasic period. Dinosaurs evolved from reptiles and dinosaurs lived near large lakes and rivers with lots of vegetation.

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A Morganucodon is said to be the first mammal on earth. It looks similar to a rodent. Small species evolved into warm-blooded animals with fur. These animals eventually led to mammals. Over time mammals diversified in looks.

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Birds evolved from carnivorous dinosaurs called theropods. Archaeopteryx is known to be the first bird on Earth; it can also be called its German name which is Urvogel.

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This extinction lasted 3 to 4 million years and 80% of marine life went extinct. The causes are global warming and severe volcanic eruptions. An animal that went extinct are Phytosaurs.

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The wet and warm climate served abundant amounts of vegetation and a major global change in continent formations(breaking apart)

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Exotic flowers formed on earth. The climate was more warm and humid compared today; most probably due to volcanic activity.

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Flowering plants are the unique colorful plants we see outside everyday. Ancestors of these flowers are different groups of extinct gymnosperms. The appearance of flowering plants rebuilt the ecosystem and boosted Earth's biodiversity.

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66 MYA~ Tertiary Period(66 MYA-2.5 MY)/ Cenozoic Era(66MYA-now)

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66 MYA~ Tertiary Period(66 MYA-2.5 MY)/ Cenozoic Era(66MYA-now)

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During the period there was an expansion on plants, animals, insects etc. but unfortunately there was another mass extinction that heavily affected life on Earth.

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65 MYA~  End Cretaceous Mass Extinction 

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65 MYA~  End Cretaceous Mass Extinction 

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This extinction lasted less than 1 million years and 65-75% of all life went extinct. It may be caused by severe meteorite and volcanic activity. There was a major extinction of dinosaurs.

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The period where humans first appeared and were able to live by relying on the foundation of evolution that happened previously on Earth.  A few examples being the evolution of plants, animals and insects.

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The most recent ice age in which we live. The ice age is due to the elevation of continental surfaces like mountains. Sea levels rise or fall depending on the ice and how long it takes for thawing.

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A human is anyone that belongs in the genus HOMO which is latin for “man”. One of the earliest  humans known is Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis and they lived in Africa. There are other forms of humans but they all have similar characteristics and features. This species is now extinct but evolved into what we look like today.