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This book is a novel by the American author Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 and was instantly successful. 

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The story takes place in Alabama in Depression,and is narrated by the main character, a little girl named Scout
Finch.
Her father ,Atticus Finch , is a lawyer with high moral standards. She and her brother, Jem, and their friend Dill are intrigued by the local rumors about a man named Boo Radly. He was been lockdown by his big brother, not yet to be released.

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Were there any cases of trials and laws in 1960's
Have ideas about trials and law change over the time?
Did any characters influence ideas of trials and law?
How was trials and law shown in movies or other novels?

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1. Trials
2. Laws
3. Black people
4. justice
5. Atticus Finch
6. Morals
7. Discrimination
8. Segregation
9. Rape
10. Racism
11. Betrayal
12. Belief

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This pictures shows there are some cases that related with justice between law and trials.

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https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/speaking-of-superfluous-starlings

Descriptions: Enforcement of prohibition laws proved extremely difficult. Many Americans did not agree with the decade long prohibition of the shipment and sales of alcoholic beverages. Not only were the laws being flaunted openly, organized crime groups were becoming more and more involved in all phases of the liquor business. Cartoonist Clifford Berryman spoofs the efforts of the Federal Law Enforcement Commission as it readied its first annual report to the Congress. Their main conclusion: "We find something must be done."

In my own opinion, Federal laws set restrictions on many different aspects of societal problems. Sometimes, law itself creates new problems, just as the ban on alcoholic beverages led to the arise of underground liquior market ran by the organized crime groups. Citizens express their critsim at current law by various of means.

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DocsTeach is a product of the National Archives education division. Our mission is to engage, educate, and inspire all learners to discover and explore the records of the American people preserved by the National Archives. The National Archives and Records Administration is the nation's record keeper.

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https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/letter-from-alexander-b-geary-to-the-honorable-george-w-wickersham-suggesting-that-compulsory-school-laws-contribute-to-boys-becoming-criminals

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Letter from Alexander B. Geary to the Honorable George W. Wickersham Suggesting that Compulsory School Laws Contribute to Boys Becoming Criminals

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The online tool for teaching with documents, from the National Archives

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https://dp.la/item/082164ad79a484e0ef8bf7a70301d37b?q=jury+trial
Create Date: 1936
Emotions of some of the members of the jury that will decide whether Samuel Whittaker, elderly organist, must die on the gallows, face imprisonment or go free are shown as they listened to the story Whittaker told at his trial on charges he murdered his wife during a fake holdup. The state charges Whittaker hired James Fagan Culver, hillbilly transient, to stage a fake holdup and then fired at Culver and Mrs. Whittaker. Whittaker vehemently denied this."

From this photograph, it is shown that jury trail has long been a tradition as well as a feature of common law jurisdiction like the United States. In a trial of a criminal case, layman without professional knowledge in law act as juries. They listen to the statements from the prosecutor and the defendant. After that, they have to rely on their logic and common sense to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not. The jury system has its own advantages as ordinary people have chance to participate in the legal system, which insures its fairness. However, it may also have problems as jury can have their own bias.

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Photograph was edited for publication purposes.

Retired church organist Samuel Whittaker and his wife, Ethel, had gone out on the evening of March 16, 1936. Shortly after their arrival home early the next morning, neighbors heard several gun shots. One of the neighbors, Henry Failer, came out of his apartment and saw a man leaving the Whittaker place. The young man ran up the stairs to the roof of the building while Failer entered the Whittaker apartment to see what was going on. He found Samuel holding a revolver in his right hand. Ethel was dead on the floor. When the police arrived Whittaker told them that he and Ethel had been ambushed in their apartment that morning. A masked man stepped out of a closet and trained a gun on them. He demanded money, but then shot Ethel anyway. Whittaker produced his own weapon and fired five shots, wounding but not killing the intruder. The cops found James Fagan Culver the next door rooming house suffering from multiple gunshot wounds. They busted him for robbery and murder. For the first couple of days following the crime, Whittaker was hailed as a hero. But Culver told a far different story. He said that earlier that year he had hitchhiked from Kentucky; that he had met Whittaker in front of a cafe early one morning and asked him for money so he could eat. They struck up a conversation and then saw each other frequently. One day Whittaker told Culver that he wanted to "thrill a lady friend" and stage a fake hold-up. Whittaker gave Culver a gun and instructions to wait in a closet until he and his lady friend were in the room, fake the hold-up, and then flee. Whittaker had left out the salient features of his plan when he described it to Culver. What Whittaker actually intended to do was to murder his wife, kill Culver, collect on an insurance policy, and walk away a hero. If he'd been a better shot he may have gotten away with it. Unfortunately for Whittaker, Aggie Underwood was present at a photo shoot which had the two men facing each other. Underwood was stunned when she noticed Whittaker deliberately wink at Culver. She drew LAPD detective, Thad Brown, aside and told him what she had witnessed. The detective uncovered the murder-for-hire plot and Whittaker was convicted for killing his wife. Whittaker was quoted as saying that he hoped God would strike him dead if he was guilty of Ethel's slaying. As he was being booked into San Quentin, he dropped dead.

Photograph caption dated June 4, 1936 reads, "Emotions of some of the members of the jury that will decide whether Samuel Whittaker, elderly organist, must die on the gallows, face imprisonment or go free are shown as they listened to the story Whittaker told at his trial on charges he murdered his wife during a fake holdup. The state charges Whittaker hired James Fagan Culver, hillbilly transient, to stage a fake holdup and then fired at Culver and Mrs. Whittaker. Whittaker vehemently denied this."

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Photograph was edited for publication purposes. Retired church organist Samuel Whittaker and his wife, Ethel, had gone out on the evening of March 16, 1936. Shortly after their arrival home early the next morning, neighbors heard several gun shots. One of the neighbors, Henry Failer, came out of his apartment and saw a man leaving the Whittaker place.

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https://digital.lib.utk.edu/collections/islandora/object/volvoices%3A3037

Title: Scopes Trial Jury
Create Date: 1925
Description: The jury for the Scopes trial is taking their oaths as jurors. The rest of the members of the courtroom stand and watch. Scopes and his attorneys are seated.

In this picture, the mebembers of the jury were taking the oath before the court officially started. Taking an oath is a necessary step so that the jury could feel their burden as they need to decide carefully on a person's fate. However, it has been doubted that the oath-taking step does not necessarily add to the quality and fairness of a jury trial decision. Sometimes, people can still have bias deep down in their heart when they act as jurors.

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The jury for the Scopes trial is taking their oaths as jurors. The rest of the members of the courtroom stand and watch. Scopes and his attorneys are seated.

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Descriptions:
President Hoover established the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement in May 1929 in an effort to identify causes of criminal activity. Thousands of citizens wrote to George Wickersham, the commission's chairman, to offer information and to express opinions about the causes of crime in the United States.

Conclusion: The author was being very polite to the Judge but what he wanted to convince was that to give more right to boys, no large number of boys not to school education. From this letter, it is self-evident that American citizens played an active role in legislation and judicial system. When they have some critics regarding the current law, it is not uncommon for citizens to direct communicate with legal practitioners, such as lawyers and judges to point out their rationale and advice.

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This is a piece of news regarding the jurt selction of another case. In a rape case, jury selection can be of vital importance since the identity of jurors may have a great influence on their attitude and standing. For instance, female jurors are preferred by the prosectuion side since they may have more sympathy on women victims.

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https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/mocking/quotes/theme/law/

Text Quotes:

1. “The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box.”

From this quote, Atticus tells Jem and Scout that an unbiased trial is realistically impossible. Overall, the book suggests that despite this inherent bia.

2. “I waited and waited to see you all come down the sidewalk, and as I waited I thought, Atticus Finch won’t win, he can’t win, but he’s the only man in these parts who can keep a jury out so long in a case like that.”

This quote it was on the point of view of Jem and Scout that an unbiased trial is realistically impossible. And in my own mind I think that the most serious lie on the planet is "You Can't Do It".

Lee, Harper, and Fred Fordham. To Kill a Mockingbird: A Graphic Novel. Harper, 2018. Prin

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"The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box."

An ongoing theme in To Kill a Mockingbird is the complicated relationship between the abstract justice system and the individuals who participate in it. Although institutions may appear fair on paper, each trial is in some way biased by the judge, jury, lawyers, and other individuals in the courtroom. Here, Atticus tells Jem and Scout that an unbiased trial is realistically impossible. Overall, the book suggests that despite this inherent bias, each individual must strive to make their participation in the trial as free of prejudice as possible.

"I waited and waited to see you all come down the sidewalk, and as I waited I thought, Atticus Finch won't win, he can't win, but he's the only man in these parts who can keep a jury out so long in a case like that."

Miss Maudie, the Finches' neighbor, says this to Jem and Scout, who are disappointed that their father lost the trial. This quote reaffirms Atticus's exceptional character, a theme throughout the book, and emphasizes that structural injustice made the case unwinnable from the start. It also suggests that social change does not occur quickly but is accumulated over time; from this perspective, prolonging the jury deliberation indicates potential future change and represents a step in the right direction. This statement maintains a thread of optimism despite the tragic outcome of the case.

"Our courts have our faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal."

This line comes from Atticus's closing argument to the jury at Tom Robinson's trial. He appeals to the jury's patriotism by suggesting that American courts ensure equality, which is one of the country's foundational principles. However, after this closing argument, Tom Robinson is wrongly convicted, which shows the deep bias in the court system and disproves Atticus's point. This line reveals the instance between the ideal of American courts and the reality.

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to kill a mockingbird free online study guide

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To Kill a Mockingbird Quotes: Law | SparkNotes

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"The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box." An ongoing theme in To Kill a Mockingbird is the complicated relationship between the abstract justice system and the individuals who participate in it.

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https://docsteach.org/documents/document/opinion-hannah-stone

Concurring Opinoin off Judge learned  Hand in United States
7/12/1936
This 1936 opinion comes from the case United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries (United States v. One Package), in which Dr. Hannah Stone received a pessary to prevent conception, a new type of diaphragm, from Japan, that was seized.

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Text quotes,"Our courts have our faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal.”

In chapter 20. Atticus Finch spoke to the jury. He  appeals  to jury patriotism because the court will ensure the equlity. That is exactly the country's founding principle.

Lee, Harper, and Fred Fordham. To Kill a Mockingbird: A Graphic Novel. Harper, 2018. Prin

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“It’s against the law, all right,” said my father, “and it’s certainly bad, but when a man spends his relief checks on green whiskey his children have a way of crying from hunger pains. I don’t know of any landowner around here who begrudges those children any game their father can hit.”

In chapter 3 , Atticus explained why Bob  Ewell could hunt out of season and break law. Atticus thought that was break the law. We can see there were many points about the law.

Lee, Harper, and Fred Fordham. To Kill a Mockingbird: A Graphic Novel. Harper, 2018. Prin

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This blog is post on Marquette University Law School  in 8 May,2012.
J. Gordon Hylton

This blog tell us the situation in 1930. Black lawer was a very small  group . From other side we know more about black people was a very tough topic. Like the book "to kill a mockingbird " 's theme. Black people was fighting for an equal right by law.

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Secondary Source 2 (Trails cases in 1930s)

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Secondary Source 2 (Trails cases in 1930s)

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By Miachel M. O'hear
August 2,2021

This actical record trials in 1930s that the system was dominated and almost complest absence of trials. Till 1970s the situation had changed.

In the book the trials was still a tough process.

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The most important theme of To Kill a Mockingbird is the book's exploration of the moral nature of human beings—that is, whether people are essentially good or essentially evil. In my own opinion the book was based on prejudice, family life and courage. Atticus was my favorite character overall. I love this book very much!