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“On August 8, 1846, Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot heightened tensions between North and South by introducing an amendment to a military appropriations bill proposing that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in any territory the United States might acquire as a result of the war with Mexico. In strictly practical terms, the Wilmot Proviso meant that California, as well as the territories of Utah and New Mexico, would be closed to slavery forever. 582

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“As time went on, free African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would, at great risk to themselves, aid fugitive slaves in their escape. This network became known as the Underground Railroad” 593

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“Though ill, he visited his old rival Daniel Webster on January 21, 1850, and obtained Webster’s support. Eight days later, Clay presented to the Senate a series of resolutions later called the Compromise of 1850, which he hoped would settle “all questions in controversy between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of Slavery.” 583

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“For example, a provision that allowed residents of the territories of New Mexico and Utah popular sovereignty—the right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery—appealed to both North and South. As part of the compromise, the federal government would pay Texas $10 million to surrender its claim to New Mexico. Created division. 584

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“which was a component of the Compromise of 1850. Many people were surprised by the harsh terms of the act. Under the law, alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury, despite the Sixth Amendment provision calling for a speedy and public”. Allows slavery to continue. 592

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Nine Northern states passed personal liberty laws, which forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed that they would have jury trials. And Northern lawyers dragged these trials out—often for three or four years—in order to increase slave catchers’ expenses. Hindering the process of fugitive slave act, creating more tension. 593

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Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Stirring strong reactions from North and South alike, the novel became an instant bestseller. Southerners didn’t like it creating more tension. 595

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After months of struggle and strife, the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law in May 1854. All eyes turned westward as the fate of the new territories hung in the balance. Shows Issue of slavery wont be able to find agreement with voting 597

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“John Brown fled Kansas but left behind men and women who lived with rifles by their sides. People began calling the territory Bleeding Kansas, as it had become a violent battlefield in a civil war. Same as Kansas Nebraska act 599

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“In 1856 an important legal question came before the Supreme Court. The case concerned Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri. Scott’s owner had taken him north of the Missouri Compromise line”  people worked harder to keep slavery 620

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“the 1858 race for the U.S. Senate between Democratic incumbent Douglas and Republican challenger Abraham Lincoln. Pushed Lincoln to run for presidency. ” 621

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Douglas’s response to Lincoln’s question became later known as the Freeport Doctrine. Douglas contended, “Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations. Worsen split between northern and southern democrats. 623

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(13) Harpers Ferry/John Brown oct-dec 1859

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(13) Harpers Ferry/John Brown oct-dec 1859

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“On the night of October 16, 1859, he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). On December 2, 1859, Brown was hanged for high treason in the presence of federal troops and a crowd of curious observers. Rebellion was stoped quickly giving fuel to southerners increasing tension. 623-624

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The Republican Party eagerly awaited its presidential convention in May 1860. When the convention began, almost everyone believed that the party’s candidate would be Senator William H. Seward of New York. However, Unlike Seward, Lincoln had not had much chance to offend his fellow Republicans. Threatened the union because he wanted to end slavery. 626-627

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“some Southern states decided to act. South Carolina led the way, seceding from the Union on December 20, 1860. 629

This is so important because it started the major division between the already divided nation. Once the south became a separate union, there was no other solution to be united without war because all of the hatred some people felt.

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“By the time of Abraham Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, only two Southern forts remained in Union hands. The more important was South Carolina’s Fort Sumter, on an island in Charleston harbor. Confederacy take over lead to first attack leading to war.  648