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Photo of a painting depicting Capt. Arthur Phillip raising the British flag in Sydney Cove in 1788

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18 January 1788 - The Arrival of the First Fleet 

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18 January 1788 - The Arrival of the First Fleet 

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The First Fleet, which included 11 ships, was the biggest group of ships to enter the Pacific.  Its purpose was to find a convict settlement on the east coast of Australia, at Botany Bay.

The First Fleet departed from England on May 13, 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay on January 18, 1788. The colony moved to Port Jackson, to the north, on January 26, 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip rejected Botany Bay as a location.

There were around 550 crew members, soldiers, and family members along with the 750–780 convicts that were brought aboard the First Fleet.

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Royal Lancers marching in the Federation Celebrations on 1 January 1901 in Queen Street, Brisbane

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On January 1, 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was formed by the union of the six British colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania.  This process is known as Federation.

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A photograph from the Moore River Native Settlement Nicolas Perpitch

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The term "Stolen Generation" refers to the numerous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who were forcibly separated from their families as a result of government policy and direction. This was active policy during the period from the 1910s into the 1970s, and arguably still continues today under the banner of child protection. It is estimated that between one in ten and one in three Indigenous children were removed from their families and communities throughout the policy's active time.

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Aboriginal activist John Patten, right, with William Ferguson, Jack Kinchela, Helen Grosvenor, Selina Patten.

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The Day of Mourning was a protest organised by Aboriginal Australians on January 26, 1938, the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet, which marked the start of Australia's colonisation. It was declared to be a protest against 150 years of inhumane treatment and land grab, and it was timed to coincide with Australia Day celebrations. The protest became a tradition, and yearly Days of Mourning are still held.

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Tens of thousands of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were denied the right to vote in state and federal elections during much of Australia's history. The Australian Parliament approved a momentous Act in 1962 that allowed all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to register and vote in federal elections. However, it was not until 1984 that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were considered as equals and obliged to register and vote in elections.

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The erroneous framing of the 1967 referendum as giving Indigenous Australians equal rights surely helped it succeed. AAP/National Library of Australia

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On May 27, 1967, Australians voted to modify the Constitution so that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, like all other Australians, would be counted as part of the population and the Commonwealth could pass laws for them. A overwhelming 90.77 percent voted 'Yes,' and every state and territory had a majority vote for 'Yes.' It was one of Australia's most successful national campaigns.

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"Vincent, May 1968" charcoal on paper, by Frank Hardy, drawn while researching his book, The Unlucky Australians

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1972 - Land Rights - The Vincent Lingiari Story

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1972 - Land Rights - The Vincent Lingiari Story

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Vincent Lingiari (13 June 1908 – 21 January 1988) was a Gurindji Aboriginal rights activist in Australia. He began his career as a stockman at Wave Hill Station, where Aboriginal labourers were paid nothing more than meals, tobacco, and clothing. After the station's owners failed to improve salary and working conditions and return some Gurindji property, Lingiari was elected and became the workers' leader in August 1966. He led his people in the Gurindji strike, better known as the Wave Hill walk-off.

After years of hardship and persuasion, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam returned Lingiari's land to him in 1972. Following the defeat of the Gove lands rights case, the Whitlam Labor Administration launched an inquiry into Aboriginal land rights (known as the Woodward Commission), which resulted in the Fraser Liberal government establishing the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976.

Lingiari was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia on June 7, 1976, for his services to Aboriginal people. The narrative of Lingiari is commemorated in the song "From Little Things Big Things Grow" by Paul Kelly and Kev Carmody.

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On June 3, 1992, the High Court of Australia issued a historic decision in Mabo v Queensland No. 2, establishing the principle of native title rights in Australian common law.

The judgment overturned the concept of terra nullius which held that Australia was a "land belonging to no one" when James Cook declared possession in the name of the British Crown in 1770.

The case was brought on behalf of the Meriam people of Dauer, Waier, and Mer of the Murray Island Group in the Torres Strait by Edward Koiki 'Eddie' Mabo, Celuia Mapo Salee, James Rice, Sam Passi, and Father Dave Passi. It was the climax of a legal process that began ten years before when the plaintiffs filed their first suit against the State of Queensland and the Commonwealth claiming native title to the Murray Islands.

Mabo Day is celebrated each year on June 3rd, as part of National Reconciliation Week, to honour Mer Islander Edward Koiki 'Eddie' Mabo.

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Sydney on Australia Day 2008, three weeks prior to the Apology

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On 13 February 2008 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd issued a formal apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, particularly the Stolen Generations, whose lives had been harmed by previous government policies of forcible child removal and assimilation.

The journey to National Apology began with the Bringing Them Home report – the findings of an inquiry instigated by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission in 1995.

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A group of protests telling people Aboriginals are still here.

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October 2019 - Indigenous Voice to Parliament

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October 2019 - Indigenous Voice to Parliament

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The Indigenous Voice to Parliament (The Voice) is a proposed new advisory group made up of elected Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that would "have a responsibility and right to advise the Australian Parliament and Government on national matters of significance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples," as stated in the Australian Constitution.

The request for the Indigenous Voice to Parliament arose as a result of the First Nations National Constitutional Convention's May 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart. The Turnbull government denied this request, citing a lack of broad support for a constitutional amendment. Following Scott Morrison's election as Prime Minister of Australia in August 2018, his administration proposed the Indigenous voice to government in October 2019, which would establish a body through legislation rather than altering the Constitution. The Indigenous voice co-design process was the method by which the channel would be formed. Ken Wyatt, Minister for Indigenous Australians, established the Senior Advisory Group.