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Lincoln proposed an idea for readmitting seceded States to the Union if 10% of voters in a rebel State swore to support the Union's values. He only suggested anything further of the states.

Since it is so lenient on the rebel states, and it does not involve and imposition of Republican values, this plan is healing based.

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The Wade-Davis plan was an "improvement" on Lincoln's 10% plan in the eyes of the Republicans. It stated that the a rebel state would only be allowed into the Union when a majority of its white male voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. The vote would then only belong to "loyalists" and the new governments would have to protect black civil equality.

This plan is mostly one of Justice for Black people. The plan only allows people who swear by Republican values to vote and forces new southern governments to commit to black civil equality. This is also justice because it is retribution for all the South has done in perpetuating the institution of slavery.

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The temporary federal agency was created to smooth the transition of the South away from slavery. It provided assistance to those in poverty, established schools for former slaves, encouraged better relationships with former masters and their slaves, settled disputes involving slaves. Overall, it acted sort of as a court system in the South.

This was a more justice based approach to reconstruction, as it involved the imposition of soldiers and the creation of courts to enforce Republican plans in the south.

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The 13th amendment abolished slavery.

It was not a justice based approach as it did not punish the South/confederates, rather just freed slaves, which makes it a healing approach to reconstruction.

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April 1865, The Confederates surrendered to the Union after realizing that they could not win in military combat.

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Lincoln Assassination/Johnson's assuming of office (1865)

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Lincoln Assassination/Johnson's assuming of office (1865)

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President Lincoln was assassinated by a confederate sympathizer, which resulted in his democratic leaning Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, assuming the office.

This wasn't a direct step in reconstruction, therefore it can't be healing/justice based, but it rather drastically affected on the reconstruction process. Since Johnson was more democratic leaning, he obstructed and vetoed much of the Republican Congress' steps in justice-based Reconstruction in favor of a more healing-based approach to Reconstruction.

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This bill gave anyone born or naturalized in the US, a US citizenship and gave black people same civil rights as white people. Further, federal courts had jurisdiction over civil rights violations by states.

This is justice because it supports the rights of black people and enforces any violations made on it. This goes in direct opposition against Southern Democratic values which further supports the reason why this bill is one of justice and not healing.

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All people born in the U.S are citizens of the U.S and of the State in which they reside. Further, states are not allowed to pass laws that infringe on a citizens right to life, liberty, and property or deny the right to equal protection under the law.

This pivotal moment is one of Justice. It grants the rights of citizenship to anyone born in the U.S and does not allow States to breach the rights given. It is justice for the black people who were denied citizenship 11 years ago in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

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Radical republicans processed a series of law that established the process of reconstruction. This placed all the rebel states in military control, with civilians tried in military court. They would establish a list of voters, who were male of over 21 and could swore that they never broken an oath to uphold the constitution. This disenfranchised 10 to 15 thousand ex-Confederates. Then they would call a convention to write a state constitution which have to be approved by the congress. It would also have to ratify the 14th amendment and until enough states ratify it, it wouldn't be represented in the congress.

This is justice with a little bit of healing. These laws is very harsh on ex-Confederates and take away their rights to vote. And the process of reestablishing a state government is oversaw by an army and heavily influenced by the congress. It is highly authoritarian and controlling. The little bit of healing, however, is after all this lengthy process, the state regains it's power in the congress.

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Andrew Johnson interfered with the Republican's plan for reconstruction. Therefore, they tried to keep control of the military in the hands of the Republicans, such as the Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, who was appointed by Lincoln. In order to keep the military in the Republicans' power Congress enacted the Tenure of Office Act. The Tenure of Office Act forbade the president from dismissing any official who had been approved by the Senate, without the agreement of the Senate. For violating the Tenure of Office Act (1867), the Republican House responded by impeaching him in early 1868. However, the Senate decided to not remove him from office.

This event is partially healing because Johnson's Reconstruction policies initiated mass violence against black and white unionists in the South and he refused to see the bloodshed as evidence that his policies were not working. Following the impeachment, Ulysses Grant became president and ended military rule over seven rebel states that fulfilled the conditions of the Radical Reconstruction.

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Ulysses S. Grant was elected from 1869-1877. His slogan was "Let Us Have Peace" and he ended military rule and readmitted in 7 rebel states. In 1870, all rebel states would be admitted and the Freedmen's Bureau would come to an end in 1872.

This event is one healing because it brought the nation together. Finally, all of the rebel states were readmitted into the Union and the nation would be whole once again. Not only that, but Grant had the support of most of the black people in the South. He brought the country together.

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The 15th amendment essentially stated that Black people (and in general, people of color) could not be denied their vote based on the color of their skin or their previous condition of servitude.

This is one of justice and healing. This is justice because this amendment will be forever solidify Black people's right to vote, which for so long, was taken away. This is also healing because the black people are finally getting what they deserve and enforcing their rights in the country.

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As a result of violence by white supremacists against black people, Congress passed the KKK Act of 1871. This gave the federal courts jurisdiction over civil rights crimes and the president the ability to use military force to suppress any group that threatened the government.

This act is one of justice because it brought justice to the hundreds and thousands of black people and southern republicans who were targeted and killed by white supremacists. It held them accountable for their actions and allowed blacks in the south to be able to live slightly more safely.

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Democrats Take control of the House of Representatives (1874)

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Democrats Take control of the House of Representatives (1874)

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The Democrats declared themselves ready for a "New Departure", that they are willing to accept the new constitution and way of things. This led to sympathy from the Liberal Republicans, a new and important group of swing voters who were disgusted by the corruption, and sees the republican's strategy of "waving the bloody shirt" as a way for corrupt Republicans to influence voters.

In 1873, an economic depression made the people blame the ruling party of republicans. Thus in 1874, Democrats won control of the House of Representatives.

This is healing because it is about the country moving on from reconstruction and focusing more on the problems of the economy and corruption. People no longer care about the Republicans waving the red shirt.

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Hayes was more of a liberal republican, and promised to "cherish.. the interests of the white and of the colored people both, and equally."

This was a healing step to Reconstruction, as Hayes' presidency promoted peace and equality in the south. Further, cherishing interests in the south allowed people to flourish as they want. It is not justice based since it does not favor one side('s interests), nor does it punish anybody.

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Undoing Reconstruction in the South (1877)

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Undoing Reconstruction in the South (1877)

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The coalition of merchants, planters, and entrepreneurs who dominated the South's politics after 1877, called themselves Redeemers and tried to undo as much as possible of Reconstruction. Their biggest impact was on public school systems, in which Black schools suffered the most as the gap between funds being spent for black schools compared to white schools widened. Along with that new laws authorized of any unemployed person, causing the prison population in the South to greatly increase. With the increase in prison populations, renting out convicts became a profitable business and an extension of slavery. The labor camps the convicts were kept in were often barbaric with a high death rate. "One dies, get another" was the motto.

This plan is one of justice for the southerners and oppression for the black people. The justice aspect comes from the Southerners are exacting their "revenge" on the black people. They once had absolute power over them, yet ever since they were freed, there is this void in control. Thus, in order to regain this power, they oppress black people and exploit them for cheap labor.

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The Atlanta Compromise was a speech made by Booker T. Washington which urged blacks to abandon agitation for civil and political rights. He criticized the abolitionist tradition that stressed constant agitation for full equality and urged blacks to not to try to combat segregation. Washington advised other blacks to find the help from white employers who would prefer to have docile black workers instead of unionized whites to work their fields. He emphasized that fighting frontal assaults on white power was impossible.

This act is one of partly healing because he is trying to prevent further violent interactions. He realized that he would be fighting an uphill battle and tried to mitigate the violence and casualties that would come from future interactions.

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When Southern Blacks gained the ability to vote, Southern States codified laws to prevent prevent them from registering. Examples of this included literacy tests, a poll tax, and an ability to demonstrate an understanding of the State's Constitution. In order to allow white southerners to vote, however, a clause called the grandfather clause was created essentially stating that if one's grandfather could vote before the civil war, they could vote as well.

This is one of healing. This is because while it oppresses the Black southerners, it also heals the country, bringing the south closer together to the Union. This brings the country closer together and allows peace for all (except the black people.)

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This was a healing step in reconstruction where people representing the confederacy and union stood in peace. Futher, the speech cemented the belief that the country is growing and adapting in a healing manner, and not punishing the confederates (that were present)