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1. Finding the solution to a question via the use of multiple research techniques is the process of conducting a method investigation. The study's design or methodology flaws or other shortcomings are those that affected or influenced how the results of the research were interpreted.

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2. The Six Steps to the Scientific Method:

1. Ask a Question: To begin with the scientific method, there needs to be a question about an observation.
2. Do Background Research: Before starting anything else, it is always best to do needed background research.
3. Create a Hypothesis: Using the information that you've gathered from the observation and background information, it is now time to create an educated guess about how things will work.
4. Test Hypothesis With an Experiment: This is when it's time to experiment to see if your predictions were correct.
5. Analyze the Data and Make a Conclusion: With the results from the experiment, you should now analyze results and create an analysis based off of what you learned.
6. Communicate the Results: The last step to the scientific process is to share your findings with others in a finalized lab report or display.

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3. In an Experiment there are typically two types of variables. Independent variables are expected to influence the dependent variables. Dependent variables is what occurs as a result of the independent variable.

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4. Qualitative and Quantitative Statements

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4. Qualitative and Quantitative Statements

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Quantitative Statement means to describe something using using exact measurement and data.
Qualitative Statement means to describe something using generic words that don't have any exact measurements.
In science, you must always use quantitative statements.

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In general, laws predict what will occur in a certain circumstance, whereas theories explain how the event occurs.

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A hypothesis should not be overly complicated or wordy. The hypothesis must be clear and make no assumptions about the reader. The theory must also be tested and observable, with results.

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In a lab, it is most important to always wear eye protection and gloves when experimenting with irritable substances. It is important to know where the emergency washing station is in case someone gets a toxic or irritable substance on them. One must always let their group members know of any spillage or broken glass before they go to clean the area.

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Atomic Number is the number of protons in the element. The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the element.

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9.  Calculating Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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9.  Calculating Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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To find the protons in an element, all you need is the atomic number and that will be the number of protons.
The atomic mass minus the atomic number will give you the number of neutrons.
There will be the same number of electrons as protons in an element.

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A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms of any kind.
A compound is the combination of two or more atoms that are different elements.
Therefore, all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.

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An isotope is two or more of the same element that have a different atomic mass. This is because the same element will have the same number of protons but a different amount of neutrons.

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Proteins: Subunit is amino acids. Polymer is polypeptide.
Carbohydrates: Subunit is monosaccharide. Polymer is polysaccharide.
Lipids: Subunit is glycerol and fatty acids. Polymer is fat.
Nucleic Acids: Subunit is nucleotide. Polymer is DNA and RNA.

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A good chemical reagent to test for the presence of macromolecules is by using starch and notice the change of color.

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Cells are the basic unit of life because each cell is an independent, self-sustaining entity that can reproduce itself and conduct all metabolic functions required for the maintenance of life.
Cell theory is a statement that all living things are made up of cells which previously came from other cells.

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According to theory, eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are a category of simple, single-celled creatures that includes bacteria and archaea.

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Bacteria are single-celled organisms.
Components to a bacterial cell:
Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Flagella

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Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles.

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Endosymbiotic theory believes that certain eukaryotic cell organelles descended from prokaryotes that can move around freely.
One piece of evidence that supports this theory are double membrane bound organelles such a mitochondria or nucleus.

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The chloroplast, cell wall, plastids, and a large central vacuole are the organelles that are exclusive to plant cells.
Only animal cells include centrioles and lysosomes.

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20. Membranes and Particles Passing Through

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20. Membranes and Particles Passing Through

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The plasma membrane is made up of proteins, carbs, and lipids. The only molecules that can freely diffuse across cell membranes are the smallest ones, including water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.

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Diffusion is when particle move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is established. Osmosis is a particular kind of diffusion that involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area with a high water concentration to one with a low water concentration.

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Hypotonic has a lower concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood. Hypertonic has a higher concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood. Isotonic has similar concentration of fluid, sugars and salt to blood.

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Active transport is the movement of substances from an area of low concentrate to an area of high concentrate. Active transport requires the use of ATP (energy) to move the substances.

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24. Energy Requirements for Active vs Passive Transport

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24. Energy Requirements for Active vs Passive Transport

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Passive transport does not require the use of energy because things are moving from high to low. Active transport does require the use of energy because things are moving from an area of low to high.

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25. Small vs Large Substances in Active Transport

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25. Small vs Large Substances in Active Transport

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Transport proteins that are present in the membrane are typically responsible for the active transport of small molecules or ions across a cell membrane. Bigger molecules like starch can also actively pass the cell membrane through the endocytosis and exocytosis processes.

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Collagen- resist stretching.
Elastin- provide resistance to extra cellular matrix (ECM).
Fibronectin- adhesive protein that binds to ECM.
Proteoglycans-- resist compression of ECM.
Integrin- play role in cell signaling.