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Push factors-
Poverty, lack of work opportunities, unemployment and underdevelopment, poor economic condition, lack of opportunities and, exhaustion of natural resources and natural calamities.

Pull factors-
More jobs, better jobs with higher pay, Attractive environments, such as mountains, seasides and warm climates.
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Important demographic groups-
Christian Population in Arunachal Pradesh is 4.19 Lakhs (30.26 percent) of total 13.84 Lakhs. Hindu are minority in Arunachal Pradesh state forming 29.04% of total population. Hinduism is followed with majority in 3 out of 16 districts.  Link

Population-  Arunachal Pradesh population in 2023 is estimated to be 1.56 Million. Link

Abundant resources-
The State has a variety of minerals like coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Dolomite, Limestone,Graphite,Asbestos,Placer gold,Iron,Marble,Ferro-Sillicon Grade, Quartzite, Lead, & Zinc. Also Minor Minerals such as, (Sand,Gravel,Boulders,soil,etc.)

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Finite resources-
India has a severe energy shortage. 75% percent of rural India relies on traditional sources of energy, including firewood, and about 300 million people have no access to electricity. The government has tried to increase electricity generation and coal production but have fallen short.

Superlatives-
Arunachal Pradesh is known for its “pristine beauty and the lush green forests.” The state is known as the Land of the Rising Sun! Link

Poverty rate- 34.7% live under the line of poverty.
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male literacy rate stands at 72.55 percent.

female literacy rate is at 57.70 percent.

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Occupations by sector,
Agriculture: 42%
Industry: 25%
Service: 32%
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The agriculture in Arunachal Pradesh mainly focuses on Jhuming. Jhum cultivation is the main occupation of the farmers in Arunachal Pradesh. Link

Arunachal Pradesh, India is a part of few historic rural landscapes. Even today, the local Jhumias highly depend on this traditional farming system for their livelihood. Nonetheless, it is often considered as 'traditional' and is firmly fixated amongst the Jhumias compared to modern mechanical farming techniques.

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Slash and burn agriculture also results in significant soil erosion and accompanying landslides, water contamination, and/or dust clouds, as without trees and vegetation and their root systems, soil washes away during heavy rains and blows away during droughts. Smoke from the fires can travel for hundreds of miles, this smoke causes significant respiratory issues that require modern medical technology to treat. Link

“Fertilization allows the same plot of land to be used over and over without the soil being exhausted.” This avoids the drawbacks of slash and burn agriculture such as reducing air pollution and can increase soil fertility further. Link

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Push factors for Indonesia are Poverty, unemployment, nature disaster, war and culture. Pull factors are culture- (like music, food, art, & technology), personal development, physical and mental relaxation, equality. Link
Indonesia has abundant mineral resources, including tin, gold, natural gas, coal, nickel, and copper.
Finite resources, housing, water and food.

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Superlatives- Indonesia has many gorgeous islands and beaches, rich biodiversity and cultural. It is one of the most popular places for surfing and yoga in the world. It's an easily accessible destination for most travelers. The people of Indonesia are known for being rude and hard to talk to, compared to the people in other parts of the world. Link

Population- 273.8 million people live in Indonesia. (2021) This is the 4th most populated nation in the world. Link

With its economy impacted by the pandemic, Indonesia went from upper-middle income to lower-middle income status as of July 2021. The pandemic also partially reversed recent progress in poverty reduction, from the record-low of 9.2 percent in September 2019 to 9.7 percent as of September 2021.

Indonesia poverty rate for 2021 was 50.20%

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Occupations by sector,
Agriculture: 27%
Industry: 22%
Services: 49%
Unemployment: 4%
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Literacy rate male- 97.17% female- 93.59%
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Indonesia's main industries are petroleum and gas, textiles and apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, and, of course, tourism. Link

Slash and burn is popular in Indonesia because it is an easy way to clear large amounts of land and it readies the soil for palm trees, from which palm oil is made. Slash and burn agriculture technique is thought to have started sometime around 8,000 years ago. Link

Slash and burn agriculture also results in significant soil erosion and accompanying landslides, water contamination, and/or dust clouds, as without trees and vegetation and their root systems, soil washes away during heavy rains and blows away during droughts. Smoke from slash and burn fires in the rainforests of Indonesia can travel for hundreds of miles, affecting the young and elderly all across the region. This smoke causes significant respiratory issues that require modern medical technology to treat. Link

Fertilization allows the same plot of land to be used over and over without the soil being exhausted, thus avoiding the drawbacks of slash and burn agriculture. As an alternative to slash and burn farming, biochar creates less air pollution and can increase soil fertility further. Link

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The push of Madagascar would be climate impacts

(mainly drought in the south), environmental degradation, resource shortages and actual or perceived insecure land rights.

Pull factors include urban economic opportunities and access to services, including health and education, which, although limited, are markedly better than in rural areas.

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There are 27,534,354 people who inhabit Madagascar. 425,122 male and female 509,951 people. 99.9% of the population are considered malagasian. 65 years and over: 3.47% Today, about half of the Malagasy population is Christian, either Catholic or Protestant. Link

The island has a wide variety of natural resources – graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish and hydropower. Link

Occupations by sector,
Agriculture: 64%
Industrial: 9%
Services: 27
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Superlatives; Madagascar is perhaps best-known for its lemurs—of which nearly 100 different species and sub-species live on the island—and for its massive baobab trees. The island is also home to the Tuléar reef, the world's third-largest coral reef system, making Madagascar one of the top scuba diving destinations in Africa. Link cited

Crimes include armed robberies, muggings, theft, carjacking and kidnappings. Violent clashes and crimes occur in regional areas, notably in southern, western and northern Madagascar. Avoid travelling on your own and at night and get local security advice before you travel to these areas.Link

81% of people live under poverty in Madagascar. Link 76.68% literacy rate. Link

Madagascar's forests are threatened by slash-and-burn agriculture. This practice, long encouraged by the government and deep-rooted in local customs, aims at burning a forest plot in order to enrich it with nitrogen before planting food crops. Link

The effects & history of slash-and-burn on Malagasy people

Clearing of trees exposes the soil to more rain than it can absorb. This causes soil erosion, and often makes the land no longer able to farm. The erosion also causes run-off into the ocean, which decreases the fish populations that many people rely for food and income. It has been used in Madagascar for more than 12000 years. Link Link

Solutions!
Fertilization allows the same plot of land to be used over and over without the soil being exhausted, thus avoiding the drawbacks of slash and burn agriculture. Link