# data[].attributes.headline
Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

# data[].attributes.subject
Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Native Americans
Date: 2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.
1607—Early settlement at Jamestown
Period Characteristics:
1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.
2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.
3. Deep respect for nature and animals.
4. Cyclical worldview.
5. Figurative language/parallelism.

# data[].attributes.headline
PERIOD NAME: Native American's were granted American citizenship in 1924

# data[].attributes.subject
PERIOD NAME: Native American's were granted American citizenship in 1924

# data[].attributes.headline
PERIOD NAME: Native American's spoke more than 300 languages

# data[].attributes.subject
PERIOD NAME: Native American's spoke more than 300 languages

# data[].attributes.headline
Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to their date as needed.

# data[].attributes.subject
Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to their date as needed.

# data[].attributes.headline
Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

# data[].attributes.subject
Period Name and Date: Period Characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies
Date: 1600-1800

Period Characteristics:
1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

# data[].attributes.body
William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

# data[].attributes.body
A total of 25 people died becasue of the Salem witch trial. One person who died in prison was only an infant

(https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/647176/salem-witch-trials-facts)

# data[].attributes.body
Salem didn't burn witches except one time.

(https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/647176/salem-witch-trials-facts)

# data[].attributes.body
1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

# data[].attributes.headline
PERIOD Name and Date: Period Characteristics

# data[].attributes.subject
PERIOD Name and Date: Period Characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
Rationalism:
"The Age of Reason"
"The Enlightenment"
Date: 1750-1800

Period Characteristics:
1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

# data[].attributes.body
Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

# data[].attributes.body
Intuition is the apparent ability for people to know things that are determined by processes unknown to their conscious mind.

(https://simplicable.com/philosophy/rationalism)

# data[].attributes.body
Rationalism has superior ability to work in abstraction as compared to observation and measurement

(https://simplicable.com/philosophy/rationalism)

# data[].attributes.body
Challeged:
The Enlightenment as the challenge of the authority from traditional to the intellectual one. The challenges in institutions were have rooted in society. One of the challenge is in the Catholic Church.

(https://infactcollaborative.com/history/10-interesting-facts-about-the-enlightenment.html)

# data[].attributes.body
Countries On The Enlightenment Era
The countries have their own Enlightenment due to the cultural that they had. There are much country which have the Enlightenment era, such as Italy, Dutch, America, England, etc. They have scholar on challenging the philosophy so that the philosophy slowly absorbed by the society.

(https://infactcollaborative.com/history/10-interesting-facts-about-the-enlightenment.html)

# data[].attributes.body
1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

# data[].attributes.body
War of 1812:
The War of 1812 (1812-15) was fought between the United States and Great Britain, primarily over the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, as well as disagreements over trade, western expansion, and Native American policy. The war ended inconclusively after three years of fighting.

(https://guides.loc.gov/war-of-1812#:~:text=The%20War%20of%201812%20(1812,after%20three%20years%20of%20fighting)

# data[].attributes.headline
Period Name and DATE: California Gold Rush

# data[].attributes.subject
Period Name and DATE: California Gold Rush

# data[].attributes.body
California Gold Rush
January 24, 1848

# data[].attributes.headline
PERIOD NAME and DATE: PERIOD CHARACTERISTICS

# data[].attributes.subject
PERIOD NAME and DATE: PERIOD CHARACTERISTICS

# data[].attributes.body
Romanticism: 1800-1850
Industrialization: 1750-1840

Period Characteristics:
1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

# data[].attributes.body
Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

# data[].attributes.body
Romanticism introduced the Idea of drama:

Those who lived in the early 19th century and where akin to art, witnessed romanticism brewing as a worldwide art movement, not restricted to any one area, as with other art movements. Romanticism countered the neoclassical movement that promoted rational thoughts, science, practicality, and material aspects of the human form, preferring to showcase emotions, and drama! For the first time artists began to portray daily life with dramatic tones, and emphasized the power of nature and the interaction of man with nature.

(https://www.creativejewishmom.com/2020/07/6-facts-about-romanticism-the-art-movement-that-added-emotion-to-art.html)

# data[].attributes.body
The Romantic Period is often referred to as the start of American Literature.

(https://www.historyforkids.net/the-romantic-period.html/)

# data[].attributes.headline
Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to thier date as needed

# data[].attributes.subject
Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to thier date as needed

# data[].attributes.body
1800-1860

The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush
(find the date)

# data[].attributes.body
Date: 1830-1860
Transcendentalism
"The American Renaissance"

Characteristics:
1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

# data[].attributes.body
Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

# data[].attributes.body
Transcendentalism started in New England around the Boston area in the early 1800s. The philosophy was related to Unitarian views taught at the Harvard Divinity School. Unitarianism was seen as producing liberal Christians that stressed reason, intellectualism, and rationality. Transcendentalists did not outright reject Unitarianism but rather believed the material world and rationality transcended spirituality.

(https://www.historyforkids.net/the-transcendentalists.html/)

# data[].attributes.body
The Transcendental Club was formed in 1836 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The club met at the home of George Ripley, Unitarian minister and included people like Ralph Waldo Emerson, George Putnam, and Margaret Fuller. The group would meet more than 30 times over the next four years. After which the group was instrumental in developing The Dial, a publication that dealt with Transcendentalists thoughts and concerns.

In 1836 Ralph Waldo Emerson published his essay Nature which presented the views of Transcendentalist philosophy during the meetings. His essay outlined how God was found in nature and spending time in nature led people to be close to divinity. Emerson’s other essay Self-Reliance defended individualism and stressed personal responsibility and nonconformity.

(https://www.historyforkids.net/the-transcendentalists.html/)

# data[].attributes.body
1840-1860
Transcendentalism

# data[].attributes.body
A former president of the United States discovered Hawthorne dead.

With the author’s health failing in the spring of 1864 as a likely result of gastrointestinal cancer, Hawthorne’s old college friend, former president Franklin Pierce traveled with him to New Hampshire’s White Mountains with the hope that the region’s rarified air could be an elixir. On the evening of May 18 inside the Pemigewasset House hotel in Plymouth, New Hampshire, Hawthorne retired early after a dinner of toast and tea. During the night, Pierce awoke to check on his friend in the adjoining room. The former president placed his hand upon Hawthorne’s forehead and found that he was dead. Pierce’s presence fulfilled a passage in Hawthorne’s novel The Blithedale Romance: “Happy the man that has such a friend beside him, when he comes to die!”

(https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne)

# data[].attributes.body
He changed his last name in part to hide his family’s dark past.

The novelist’s great-great-grandfather, John Hathorne, was a leading judge of the Salem witch trials, and Hawthorne was haunted by his ancestor’s shameful past. Some believe that shortly after graduating from Bowdoin, the author added a “w” to his last name in part to make the spelling match the pronunciation and also to disassociate himself from a figure of whom he wrote was “so conspicuous in the martyrdom of the witches, that their blood may fairly be said to have left a stain upon him.”

(https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne)

# data[].attributes.body
Fear of communism led to his rise to power

(https://owlcation.com/humanities/Facts-About-McCarthyism)

# data[].attributes.body
McCarthy was a bully who fought dirty

(https://owlcation.com/humanities/Facts-About-McCarthyism)

# data[].attributes.body
Walt Whitman started working at age 11.

Whitman’s formal education didn’t last very long. Living in New York with his parents, and with his father struggling to make ends meet, Whitman left school at age 11 to help contribute to the household. He got work assisting a law office in the city before turning to the printing business, developing skills that would later inform his work in self-publishing. He continued to educate himself, eventually becoming a teacher at the age of 17.

(https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/535696/facts-about-walt-whitman)

# data[].attributes.body
Whitman was a missionary during the Civil War.

Whitman, nearly 42, was an unlikely candidate for a soldier when the Civil War began, but his brother George enlisted in the Army. When Whitman saw his brother's name listed as one of the wounded in 1862, he traveled to Washington and then Virginia to visit. George was fine, but Whitman was struck by the physical toll the war had taken on other soldiers. He stayed in Washington and began a steady rotation of the area’s hospitals, bringing food and books to the wounded. The goods were paid for by donations from friends, as well as Whitman’s own salary working for the Army Paymaster.

(https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/535696/facts-about-walt-whitman)

# data[].attributes.body
Whitman was a health and fitness guru.

Whitman did not cut a figure as a man of action, but he was still very much interested in physical fitness. He wrote a series of articles for the New York Atlas in the 1850s under the pen name “Mose Velsor” that detailed his approach to diet and wellness. Whitman advocated “manly training” like brisk walks, dancing, and frequent bathing to cure ills and ward off depression. He also considered beards to be effective barriers against germs.

(https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/535696/facts-about-walt-whitman)

# data[].attributes.body
Li-Young-Lee:
He was born to Jakarta, Indonesia, to Chinese parents

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Young_Lee)

# data[].attributes.body
Li-Young-Lee
Lee attended the University of Pittsburgh, where he began to develop his love for writing

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Young_Lee)

# data[].attributes.body
Li-Young-Lee
Lee has won numerous poetry awards:

1986: Delmore Schwartz Memorial Award, from New York University, for Rose

1988: Whiting Award

1990: Lamont Poetry Selection for The City in Which I Love You

1995: Lannan Literary Award

1995: American Book Award, from the Before Columbus Foundation, for The Wingéd Seed: A Remembrance

2002: William Carlos Williams Award for Book of My Nights (American Poets Continuum) Judge: Carolyn Kizer

2003: Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets, which does not accept applications and which includes a $25,000 stipend

Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts

Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation

Grant, Illinois Arts Council

Grant, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

Grant, Pennsylvania Council on the Arts

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Young_Lee)

# data[].attributes.body
He Was Likely Named After a Shakespearean Character

He was born Edgar Poe in Boston in 1809; his parents were both actors. His parents were performing in Shakespeare’s King Lear the year he was born, leading to speculation that he was named for the play’s Earl of Gloucester's son, Edgar.

(https://www.thoughtco.com/odd-facts-about-edgar-allan-poe-4864323)

# data[].attributes.body
He Was an Orphan

Before Edgar reached the age of 4, his parents died and he was taken in by a wealthy merchant named John Allan and his wife, Francis. They lived in Richmond, Virginia, and christened the boy with the name Edgar Allan Poe.

(https://www.thoughtco.com/odd-facts-about-edgar-allan-poe-4864323)

# data[].attributes.body
Poverty Was His Muse:

Poe started on a college career, but with little financial support from the miserly Allan, Poe embarked on a long journey of poverty and debt. Money problems haunted him and tensions with his foster father prompted him into determination to become a successful writer.

(https://www.thoughtco.com/odd-facts-about-edgar-allan-poe-4864323)

# data[].attributes.body
WASHINGTON — The Biden administration is moving closer to sending M1 Abrams tanks to Ukraine, U.S. officials said on Tuesday, in what would be a major step in arming Kyiv in its efforts to seize back its territory from Russia.

President Biden has yet to make a final decision, said the officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the discussions. But if he does agree to send the advanced Abrams tanks the move would likely spur Germany to follow with its own coveted Leopard 2 tanks, the officials said.

(https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/01/24/world/russia-ukraine-news)

# data[].attributes.body
In general, the Ukraine and Russia war is an example of taking a stand. The fact that Ukraine hasn't given up even though their country is getting taken over, is showing they are taking a stand and are perservereing.