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BLUE: Morality is a personal choice
GREEN: Morality is the result of relationships & natural development
PURPLE: Morality is the result of learning universal moral principles
ORANGE: Morality is the result of being directly taught how to be a good citizen
RED: Connects two or more of Vessel's taxonomy quadrants.

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Freud's discovery of the unconscious has had great implications in the field of education, as it has laid some of the foundation for studying and understanding emotions and desires. His ideas have been used across many disciplines to explain motivation and values.

Important Works:
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)
Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1917)

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Dewey is the founder of pragmatism and his progressive approach to education is the idea that students learn best by doing. He also believed in the relationship between democracy and morals.

Important Works:
Moral Principles in Education (1909)
Democracy and Education (1916)
Human Nature and Conduct (1922)

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development postulates that children learn in different stages. According to Piaget, children learn what is right and wrong based on society's norms.

Important Works:
The Language and Thought of the Child (1923)
Judgment and Reasoning in the Child (1924)
The Origins of Intelligence in Children (1948).

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Rand's theory of objectivism argues that morality is consistent with the rational self and about acting in a way that benefits the individual life. This is radically different from the idea of altruism.

Important Works:
The Fountainhead (1943)
Atlas Shrugged (1957)
For the New Intellectual: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand (1961)
The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism (1964).

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Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development argued that development is a result of relationship conflict. He believed that children learn morality through this lens, according to what society deems right and wrong

Important Works:
Childhood and Society (1950)
Insight and Responsibility (1964)
Identity Youth and Crisis (1968)

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Freire is considered one of the founders of the critical pedagogy movement. He postulates that teaching pedagogy must involve teaching students how to become critical thinkers, questioning the power structures of the world around them. Morality comes form the recognizing social injustices and challenging them.

Important Works:
Education and Critical Consciousness (1965)
The Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1968)
The Politics of Education (1985)

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Kohlberg's stages of moral development have heavily influenced the field of education and psychology. Kohlberg believed that children progress through six different stages of moral development as a result of being taught by parents, teachers, peers, society norms, etc.

Important [Collected] Works:
The Philosophy of Moral Education- volumes 1 & 2 (1981)
Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to Moral Education (1991)

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Sizer is the creator of the essential school movement and the founder of the Coalition of Essential Schools. He advocated for learner-centered classrooms, strong student-teacher relationships, and performance-based assessments.

Important Works:
Horace’s Compromise (1984)
Horace’s School (1992)
Horace’s Hope (1996)

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Hirsch's theory of cultural literacy states that people must learn reading and writing skills within culture because the ability to understand language is directly tied to culture. He believed that children learned by interacting with cultural norms.

Important Works:
Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (1987)
The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (1988)
The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them (1996)

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1980s-Present Day: Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support (PBIS)

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1980s-Present Day: Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support (PBIS)

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PBIS is an evidence-based framework for schools to use to encourage positive behavior in their students. PBIS includes the five elements of equity, systems, data, practices, and outcomes to reward students for practicing desirable behaviors.

Important Organizations & Websites:
Center on PBIS
PBIS Rewards
PBIS World

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1990s-Present Day: Character Education Partnership (CEP)

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1990s-Present Day: Character Education Partnership (CEP)

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CEP is a non-partisan organization founded in 1993 and is now known as Character.org. Their framework, 11 Principles of Effective Character Education, includes identifying, understanding, practicing, and embedding core values to ensure schools are producing students with strong moral character.

Important Organizations & Websites:
Character.org
Character Counts

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1990s-Present Day: Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL)

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1990s-Present Day: Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL)

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CASEL is an organization that works to expand curriculum to focus on the whole-child, with five competencies focusing on awareness, relationships, and decision-making. The primary goal of SEL education involves teaching students to learn and regulate their emotions, build positive and healthy relationships, and to become active and successful citizens in their communities

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2000s-Present Day: Mastering Our Skills and Inspiring Character (MOSAIC)

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2000s-Present Day: Mastering Our Skills and Inspiring Character (MOSAIC)

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MOSIAC is a program in New Jersey middle schools that combine SEL and CE into a social, emotional, and character development (SECD) model. The purpose of this program is to develop SEL skills, such as communication and empathy, as well as CE virtues, such as compassion and generosity.

Important Organizations & Websites:
Rutgers SECD Lab

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Dr. Elias serves as the SECD Lab Director at Rutgers SECD Lab. He also serves as the Co-Director for the Collaborative Center for Community-Based Research and Service and the Academy for SEL in Schools. He has contributed extensively to the research of SEL and CE as well as the convergence of the two as SECD.

Important Works:
Promoting Social and Emotional Learning: Guidelines for Educators (1997)
The Educator's Guide to Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement: Social-Emotional Learning in the Classroom (2006)
Boost Emotional Intelligence in Students: 30 Flexible, Research-Based Activities to Build EQ Skills (2019)